[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":705},["ShallowReactive",2],{"species_en:\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzefir-berezovyj":3,"alt-locale:species_en:\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzefir-berezovyj":266,"section-listing:species_en:\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy":291,"section-listing:disabled":669,"related-covers:en:":670,"related-covers:en:\u002Fsemeystva\u002Fgolubyanki|\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fchervonet-ognennyj|\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy":671,"section-listing:species_en:\u002Fvidy-babochek":676},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"conservationStatus":242,"coverImage":243,"description":244,"extension":245,"family":246,"familySlug":247,"faq":248,"hostPlants":258,"imagePrompt":264,"latinName":25,"meta":265,"navigation":266,"order":267,"pageType":268,"path":269,"publishedAt":270,"readingMinutes":229,"relatedLinks":271,"relatedSpecies":267,"season":283,"seo":284,"sitemap":287,"stem":288,"tags":267,"updatedAt":267,"wingspanMm":289,"__hash__":290},"species_en\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzefir-berezovyj.md","Brown Hairstreak",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":227},"minimark",[9,14,27,30,34,37,43,53,59,62,66,71,81,84,88,94,97,101,104,114,124,127,131,134,141,144,160,164,171,177,191,198,201,205],[10,11,13],"h2",{"id":12},"the-canopys-secret","The canopy's secret",[15,16,17,18,21,22,26],"p",{},"Of Europe's lycaenid butterflies, the ",[19,20,5],"strong",{}," (",[23,24,25],"em",{},"Thecla betulae",") is one of the most difficult to observe as an adult. Unlike most butterflies that spend their time at or near ground level, adult Brown Hairstreaks are primarily canopy insects — they bask, feed on aphid honeydew, and mate high in the crowns of ash, oak, and sycamore trees, rarely descending to eye level. A colony can go undetected for years in suitable habitat simply because observers do not look upward.",[15,28,29],{},"The species is most reliably detected not as a living adult but as a tiny white egg on a blackthorn twig in midwinter — an approach that has transformed our understanding of its distribution in many European countries.",[10,31,33],{"id":32},"appearance","Appearance",[15,35,36],{},"The Brown Hairstreak is the largest and most robustly built of the European hairstreaks, with a wingspan of 35–42 mm.",[15,38,39,42],{},[19,40,41],{},"Upperside (males)",": uniform dark brown with a narrow orange bar near the tornus (rear corner) of the hindwing. The upperside is rarely seen in the field as the butterfly typically rests with wings closed.",[15,44,45,48,49,52],{},[19,46,47],{},"Upperside (females)",": similar dark brown, but with a large, well-defined ",[19,50,51],{},"orange patch"," on the forewing — making females the more striking sex when they do open their wings. This orange patch is diagnostic and visible from a distance.",[15,54,55,58],{},[19,56,57],{},"Underside (both sexes)",": warm golden-orange-brown with two white hairstreak lines, edged with black, running across both wings. A short hindwing tail, orange at the base, is visible at rest. The underside colouration gives the species its name.",[15,60,61],{},"In worn individuals the orange on the underside fades considerably. Fresh individuals, typically seen in July–August, are particularly striking with their warm ochre undersides.",[10,63,65],{"id":64},"lifecycle","Lifecycle",[67,68,70],"h3",{"id":69},"egg-and-winter","Egg and winter",[15,72,73,74,21,77,80],{},"The Brown Hairstreak has one of the most distinctive egg sites of any European butterfly. Eggs are laid in August and September on ",[19,75,76],{},"blackthorn",[23,78,79],{},"Prunus spinosa","), placed singly at the base of buds on young growth — specifically the junction between one-year-old smooth bark and older rougher bark, and on the outer shoots of hedges and scrub where they receive sunlight.",[15,82,83],{},"The egg is flattened and discoid, white, with a textured surface of small pits and ridges. At about 1 mm across, it is visible to the naked eye against the dark twig. Eggs remain on the plant through the entire winter, hatching in April when blackthorn buds break.",[67,85,87],{"id":86},"caterpillar-and-pupa","Caterpillar and pupa",[15,89,90,91,93],{},"The caterpillar is cryptic green, matching the leaves of blackthorn; it feeds openly on the young leaves from April to June. Caterpillars of hairstreaks are typically attended by ants, and ",[23,92,25],{}," caterpillars do associate with ants, though this relationship is less obligate than in some blue lycaenids.",[15,95,96],{},"The pupa is formed low down — sometimes on the ground among leaf litter at the base of the blackthorn — and is chocolate-brown, stocky, and difficult to find.",[67,98,100],{"id":99},"adult","Adult",[15,102,103],{},"Adults emerge in late July and August, with the flight season extending into September. The adult lifespan is several weeks, but individual sightings are brief and infrequent because of the canopy habit.",[15,105,106,107,21,110,113],{},"Adults of both sexes feed at flowers: ",[19,108,109],{},"bramble",[23,111,112],{},"Rubus fruticosus",") is the most used nectar source and is where most reliable adult sightings occur. They also feed on aphid honeydew in the canopy — a behaviour that keeps them out of sight for much of the day.",[15,115,116,119,120,123],{},[19,117,118],{},"Males"," establish territories in tree canopies, spiralling up from a prominent perch to intercept passing females. The ",[19,121,122],{},"\"master tree\""," — a tall ash or oak with a broad, sunlit crown — is a classic feature of Brown Hairstreak colonies; known master trees are visited by observers specifically to scan for spiralling males.",[15,125,126],{},"Mating and oviposition occur in late summer, after which all adults die; the species overwinters exclusively as an egg.",[10,128,130],{"id":129},"distribution-and-habitat","Distribution and habitat",[15,132,133],{},"The Brown Hairstreak ranges from western Ireland and the Iberian Peninsula east through Europe and temperate Asia to Japan. It is absent from Scotland, Scandinavia north of approximately 60°N, and most Mediterranean islands.",[15,135,136,137,140],{},"In Europe the species occurs where ",[19,138,139],{},"blackthorn hedges, scrub, or woodland edges"," exist within a landscape that also provides suitable canopy trees for adults. It is not a forest species per se — it needs the open scrub and hedgerow for breeding — but it uses the canopy of adjacent trees for adult activities.",[15,142,143],{},"Suitable habitats include:",[145,146,147,151,154,157],"ul",{},[148,149,150],"li",{},"Traditional agricultural landscapes with unmanaged blackthorn hedges",[148,152,153],{},"Scrubby woodland edges and rides with mature trees nearby",[148,155,156],{},"Abandoned or lightly managed farmland reverting to scrub",[148,158,159],{},"Railway embankments and road verges where blackthorn is established",[10,161,163],{"id":162},"conservation","Conservation",[15,165,166,167,170],{},"The Brown Hairstreak has declined substantially in western Europe. The principal cause is ",[19,168,169],{},"hedge management",": flail-cutting of blackthorn hedges in autumn removes the outer growth — precisely the young shoots where eggs are laid — before the eggs hatch in April. Annual or biennial flail-mowing of a hedge eventually eliminates all eggs before caterpillars can emerge, extirpating local populations without any direct persecution.",[15,172,173,176],{},[19,174,175],{},"Conservation measures"," that have proven effective:",[145,178,179,182,185,188],{},[148,180,181],{},"Delaying hedge-cutting until after April, allowing eggs to hatch",[148,183,184],{},"Cutting hedges on a three-to-five-year rotation rather than annually, allowing young growth to develop and persist through the winter",[148,186,187],{},"Retaining wide, tall hedges rather than reducing them to short, narrow strips",[148,189,190],{},"Leaving uncut blackthorn at field margins and woodland edges",[15,192,193,194,197],{},"In Ireland, targeted conservation management — promoted through the ",[19,195,196],{},"Butterfly Conservation Ireland"," monitoring programme — has shown that relatively simple hedge management changes can measurably increase Brown Hairstreak egg counts within a few years.",[15,199,200],{},"In central and eastern Europe (Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania) the species is considerably more abundant, reflecting historically less intensive hedge management.",[10,202,204],{"id":203},"interesting-facts","Interesting facts",[145,206,207,218,221,224],{},[148,208,209,210,213,214,217],{},"The Brown Hairstreak's scientific name ",[23,211,212],{},"betulae"," (from ",[23,215,216],{},"Betula",", birch) is a misnomer — the species very rarely uses birch as a host plant; blackthorn is overwhelmingly the primary host. The name was assigned by Linnaeus based on early literature that cited birch, possibly from a misidentification of the host plant.",[148,219,220],{},"Females are the more conspicuous sex when seen well — their large orange forewing patch makes them appear as a different species from the uniformly dark-brown males. In Ireland, the orange female is sometimes called the \"Orange Hairstreak\" in older literature, a source of historical confusion.",[148,222,223],{},"The master tree phenomenon is so consistent that butterfly recorders in Britain maintain lists of known master trees and visit them specifically during the August–September peak, using binoculars to watch for spiralling males in the canopy — a technique borrowed from birdwatching",[148,225,226],{},"Brown Hairstreak eggs survive remarkably harsh winter conditions: they have been recorded intact after prolonged frost and even after being submerged by flooding, traits that reflect adaptation to the unpredictable British winter climate",{"title":228,"searchDepth":229,"depth":229,"links":230},"",2,[231,232,233,239,240,241],{"id":12,"depth":229,"text":13},{"id":32,"depth":229,"text":33},{"id":64,"depth":229,"text":65,"children":234},[235,237,238],{"id":69,"depth":236,"text":70},3,{"id":86,"depth":236,"text":87},{"id":99,"depth":236,"text":100},{"id":129,"depth":229,"text":130},{"id":162,"depth":229,"text":163},{"id":203,"depth":229,"text":204},"LC","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzefir-berezovyj.png","The Brown Hairstreak is one of Europe's most secretive butterflies, living high in tree canopies. Its eggs on blackthorn twigs reveal it in winter.","md","Lycaenidae","golubyanki",[249,252,255],{"q":250,"a":251},"Why is the Brown Hairstreak so rarely seen despite being widespread?","The Brown Hairstreak spends most of its adult life high in the canopy of ash, oak, and sycamore trees, where it feeds on aphid honeydew and is almost invisible to ground-level observers. Adults descend to flowers (especially bramble and ragwort) only for brief periods, and the flight season is late (July–September) when most butterfly observers' attention has shifted elsewhere. The species is genuinely scarce in many parts of its range, but is also systematically under-recorded. Looking for eggs on blackthorn in winter is often a more reliable detection method than searching for adults in summer.",{"q":253,"a":254},"How do you find Brown Hairstreak eggs?","The Brown Hairstreak lays its eggs singly on young blackthorn (*Prunus spinosa*) shoots, typically at the junction between one- and two-year-old wood. Eggs are white, round, and about 1 mm across — remarkably conspicuous once you know what to look for, with a distinctive flattened discoid shape with a depressed centre and a network of small ridges. They are placed on the smooth lighter-coloured part of the twig near buds. Surveying the outer growth of blackthorn hedges in January–March, before the leaves emerge, is the most efficient method. A single stretch of appropriate hedge may yield dozens of eggs where the species is present.",{"q":256,"a":257},"Is the Brown Hairstreak declining?","The Brown Hairstreak has declined significantly in the UK and parts of western Europe over the past century. The main cause is the management of blackthorn hedges: regular flail-mowing in autumn and winter destroys the young growth where eggs are laid before the caterpillars can hatch the following spring. In Ireland, where the species reaches its western limit, conservation programmes specifically promote leaving hedges uncut in winter or cycling blackthorn cutting on a three-to-five-year rotation to allow egg survival. The species remains widespread but patchy across Europe and is genuinely common in parts of central and eastern Europe where hedge management is less intensive.",[259,260,261,262,263],"Prunus spinosa (Blackthorn)","Prunus domestica (Plum)","Prunus avium (Wild Cherry)","Prunus padus (Bird Cherry)","Betula spp. (Birch, rarely)","Photorealistic macro photography, Thecla betulae Brown Hairstreak butterfly on blackthorn branch with white flowers, female showing rich orange patch on tawny brown wings, hairstreak tails visible, soft green woodland background, diffused morning light, 16:9",{},true,null,"species","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzefir-berezovyj","25.06.2026",[272,275,279],{"label":246,"path":273,"description":274},"\u002Fsemeystva\u002Fgolubyanki","Family Lycaenidae — Blues, Coppers, and Hairstreaks",{"label":276,"path":277,"description":278},"Small Copper","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fchervonet-ognennyj","Small Copper (Lycaena phlaeas) — another widespread Lycaenid",{"label":280,"path":281,"description":282},"Species catalogue","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy","All butterfly species on butterfly-atlas.ru","Late July – September",{"title":285,"description":286},"Brown Hairstreak (Thecla betulae) — Eggs, Habitat, Conservation","Brown Hairstreak butterfly: secretive canopy species of blackthorn hedges. How to find eggs in winter, flight season, decline causes, and conservation in Europe.",{"loc":269},"vidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzefir-berezovyj","35-42","pOkyzre_ZjKY3lTVGt6GwnTjaOzLzBtZLqmAKxO_cCI",[292,298,303,308,314,320,325,331,336,337,343,348,353,358,364,369,374,380,385,390,395,400,405,411,416,421,426,431,436,441,446,451,456,461,466,471,477,482,488,493,498,503,508,514,519,524,529,534,539,545,551,557,562,568,573,578,583,588,593,598,603,608,613,617,622,627,632,637,642,647,652,658,663],{"title":293,"description":294,"path":295,"coverImage":296,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Amanda's Blue","Amanda's blue is a large blue with vivid blue wings. Males are intense blue without orange lunules, unlike most related species.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-amanda","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-amanda.jpg","01.05.2026",{"title":299,"description":300,"path":301,"coverImage":302,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Apollo","The Apollo is a large mountain butterfly with semi-transparent white wings and red \"eyespots.\" A protected species listed in the Red Data Book of Russia.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fapollo","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fapollo.jpg",{"title":304,"description":305,"path":306,"coverImage":307,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Arran Brown","The Arran brown is a dark brown butterfly of forest edges with characteristic eyespots. A typical member of the genus *Erebia*.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fchernushka","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fchernushka.jpg",{"title":309,"description":310,"path":311,"coverImage":312,"publishedAt":313,"order":267},"Bhutan Glory","The Bhutan Glory is a spectacular Himalayan swallowtail with iridescent tails, found in cool forests of Nepal, Bhutan, and northeast India.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbutanitis-lidderdeylya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbutanitis-lidderdeylya.png","25.07.2026",{"title":315,"description":316,"path":317,"coverImage":318,"publishedAt":319,"order":267},"Black Hairstreak","The Black Hairstreak is one of Europe's most localised butterflies, tied to blackthorn in woodland edges. Its short June–July season makes it easy to miss.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fhvostanka-slivovaya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fhvostanka-slivovaya.png","23.06.2026",{"title":321,"description":322,"path":323,"coverImage":324,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Black-veined White","The black-veined white is a large white butterfly with dark wing veins, whose caterpillars overwinter in colonies and strip fruit-tree leaves in spring.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fboyaryshnitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fboyaryshnitsa.jpg",{"title":326,"description":327,"path":328,"coverImage":329,"publishedAt":330,"order":267},"Blue Morpho","The blue morpho is a tropical butterfly with metallic-blue wings up to 130 mm across. Its iridescent sheen comes from nanostructure, not pigment.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmorfo-sinij","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmorfo-sinij.jpg","24.06.2026",{"title":332,"description":333,"path":334,"coverImage":335,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Brimstone","The brimstone is the first butterfly of spring: males bright yellow, females greenish white. It lives longer than most butterflies — up to 13 months.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Flimonnitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Flimonnitsa.jpg",{"title":5,"description":244,"path":269,"coverImage":243,"publishedAt":270,"order":267},{"title":338,"description":339,"path":340,"coverImage":341,"publishedAt":342,"order":267},"Cardinal","The cardinal (Argynnis pandora) is the largest Mediterranean fritillary — its hindwing underside suffused with crimson, giving the species its English name.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-pandora","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-pandora.png","12.08.2026",{"title":344,"description":345,"path":346,"coverImage":347,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Cleopatra","Cleopatra is a large butterfly of southern Russia and the Mediterranean. Males have a bright orange patch on the forewing — the most vivid of the brimstones.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzheltushka-kleopatra","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzheltushka-kleopatra.jpg",{"title":349,"description":350,"path":351,"coverImage":352,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Clouded Apollo","The clouded Apollo is a rare mountain butterfly with white semi-transparent wings and black spots. Listed in Red Data Books of many regions of Russia.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmnemozina","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmnemozina.jpg",{"title":354,"description":355,"path":356,"coverImage":357,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Comma","The comma is a butterfly with uneven, 'ragged' wing margins. On the underside of the hindwings is a white mark shaped like a comma — its second common name.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fugolnitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fugolnitsa.jpg",{"title":359,"description":360,"path":361,"coverImage":362,"publishedAt":363,"order":267},"Common Birdwing","The Common Birdwing is one of the most widespread true birdwings, giant iridescent swallowtails found from South Asia to the western Pacific.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpticekrylka-elena","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpticekrylka-elena.png","20.07.2026",{"title":365,"description":366,"path":367,"coverImage":368,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Common Blue","The common blue is one of the most widespread blues of the temperate zone and Eurasia. Males are intensely blue, females brown. It occurs on any meadow with clover.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-ikarus","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-ikarus.jpg",{"title":370,"description":371,"path":372,"coverImage":373,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Dark Green Fritillary","The dark green fritillary is a meadow butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. The underside of the hindwings is dark green with silvery triangular spots.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-aglaya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-aglaya.jpg",{"title":375,"description":376,"path":377,"coverImage":378,"publishedAt":379,"order":267},"Death's-head Hawkmoth","The death's-head hawkmoth is a dramatic sphingid with a skull-like thorax pattern, powerful flight, and a squeak when disturbed — a regular migrant to Europe.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmertvaya-golova","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmertvaya-golova.png","12.06.2026",{"title":381,"description":382,"path":383,"coverImage":384,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Dryad","The dryad is a large dark butterfly of the browns with bluish eyespots, living in floodplain forests and reed beds across Eurasia.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsatir-driad","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsatir-driad.jpg",{"title":386,"description":387,"path":388,"coverImage":389,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"False Heath Fritillary","The false heath fritillary is a small meadow butterfly with a checkered pattern. It inhabits damp meadows with valerian — the main caterpillar host plant.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fshashechnitsa-diktinna","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fshashechnitsa-diktinna.jpg",{"title":391,"description":392,"path":393,"coverImage":394,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Glanville Fritillary","The Glanville fritillary is a small butterfly with a checkered pattern of reddish and black patches — a classic subject of population ecology research.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fshashechnitsa-cinxia","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fshashechnitsa-cinxia.jpg",{"title":396,"description":397,"path":398,"coverImage":399,"publishedAt":330,"order":267},"Glasswing Butterfly","The glasswing butterfly Greta oto is a nymphalid with transparent wings lacking scales in the center — a master of camouflage in Central American forests.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsteklyannaya-babochka","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsteklyannaya-babochka.jpg",{"title":401,"description":402,"path":403,"coverImage":404,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Grayling","The grayling is a large brown of rocky and sandy places. A master of camouflage: on stone or bark it is almost invisible.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsatir-semele","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsatir-semele.jpg",{"title":406,"description":407,"path":408,"coverImage":409,"publishedAt":410,"order":267},"Great Peacock Moth","The great peacock moth is Europe's largest nocturnal moth — a saturniid with a wingspan up to 15 cm, striking eyespots, and antennae detecting females afar.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbolshoj-pavlinij-glaz","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbolshoj-pavlinij-glaz.png","29.05.2026",{"title":412,"description":413,"path":414,"coverImage":415,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Green Hairstreak","The green hairstreak is a small blue with bright emerald-green undersides. Widespread in Europe and Asia, it lives on edges and rough ground.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbronzovka","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbronzovka.jpg",{"title":417,"description":418,"path":419,"coverImage":420,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Green-underside Blue","The green-underside blue is a small spring blue. The underside of the hindwings is bright green with white-ringed spots, making it easy to identify.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-aleksis","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-aleksis.jpg",{"title":422,"description":423,"path":424,"coverImage":425,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Green-veined White","The green-veined white is a small white with characteristic green veins on the underside of the hindwings. The most common of the three \"garden whites.\"","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbryukvennitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbryukvennitsa.jpg",{"title":427,"description":428,"path":429,"coverImage":430,"publishedAt":330,"order":267},"Heliconius Melpomene","Heliconius melpomene is a tropical nymphalid with red-and-black wings, a classic example of Müllerian mimicry, inhabiting Central and South American forests.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgelikoniya-melpomena","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgelikoniya-melpomena.jpg",{"title":432,"description":433,"path":434,"coverImage":435,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Hercules Grayling","The Hercules grayling is a large mountain brown. It is close to the grayling but larger and lives in more rocky, mountainous landscapes.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsatir-gerkules","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsatir-gerkules.jpg",{"title":437,"description":438,"path":439,"coverImage":440,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"High Brown Fritillary","The high brown fritillary is a large meadow and woodland butterfly. The underside of the hindwings is green with silvery spots and reddish strokes.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-adippe","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-adippe.jpg",{"title":442,"description":443,"path":444,"coverImage":445,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Large Blue","The large blue is a big blue butterfly with an unusual life cycle: the caterpillar parasitizes colonies of red ants. A protected species.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-arion","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-arion.jpg",{"title":447,"description":448,"path":449,"coverImage":450,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Large Tortoiseshell","The large tortoiseshell is a nymphalid with tawny brown, variegated wings, resembling the small tortoiseshell but bigger, with different host plants.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmnogotsvetnitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmnogotsvetnitsa.jpg",{"title":452,"description":453,"path":454,"coverImage":455,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Large White","The large white is the commonest white butterfly in gardens, whose caterpillars eat cabbage. Larger than the small white, with dark wing spots.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fkapustnitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fkapustnitsa.jpg",{"title":457,"description":458,"path":459,"coverImage":460,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Lesser Purple Emperor","The lesser purple emperor is a close relative of the purple emperor. It is smaller, with a warmer reddish tint and a larger orange 'eyespot' on the hindwings.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperelivnitsa-iliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperelivnitsa-iliya.jpg",{"title":462,"description":463,"path":464,"coverImage":465,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Marbled Fritillary","The marbled fritillary (*Brenthis ino*) is a small fritillary of wet meadows. The underside of the hindwings is mottled yellow-violet with pearly spots.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbrenthis-ino","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbrenthis-ino.jpg",{"title":467,"description":468,"path":469,"coverImage":470,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Marbled White","The marbled white is a large black-and-white butterfly. Its bold contrast makes it one of Europe's most recognizable species.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbarkhatnitsa-galatea","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbarkhatnitsa-galatea.jpg",{"title":472,"description":473,"path":474,"coverImage":475,"publishedAt":476,"order":267},"Meadow Brown","The meadow brown is the commonest butterfly in Britain and one of Europe's most abundant, with a distinctive forewing eyespot.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fvolovij-glaz","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fvolovij-glaz.png","21.06.2026",{"title":478,"description":479,"path":480,"coverImage":481,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Meleager's Blue","Meleager's blue is a large, handsome blue. Males are bright blue with a broad dark border; the underside of the wings has a characteristic white streak.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-dafnis","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-dafnis.jpg",{"title":483,"description":484,"path":485,"coverImage":486,"publishedAt":487,"order":267},"Mocker Swallowtail","The Mocker Swallowtail is an African swallowtail famous for females with dozens of forms, each mimicking a different distasteful butterfly.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fparusnik-dardan","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fparusnik-dardan.png","23.07.2026",{"title":489,"description":490,"path":491,"coverImage":492,"publishedAt":330,"order":267},"Monarch","The monarch is the world's most famous migratory butterfly, covering up to 4,500 km per season, with orange wings marked by black veins and white spots.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmonarh","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmonarh.jpg",{"title":494,"description":495,"path":496,"coverImage":497,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Mourning Cloak","The mourning cloak is a large butterfly with dark chocolate wings bordered by a yellow band and blue spots — one of Europe's longest-lived butterflies.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Ftraurnitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Ftraurnitsa.jpg",{"title":499,"description":500,"path":501,"coverImage":502,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Nickerl's Fritillary","Nickerl's fritillary is a small butterfly with the typical checkered nymphalid pattern, occurring on dry meadows with plantain in European Russia.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fshashechnitsa-aurelia","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fshashechnitsa-aurelia.jpg",{"title":504,"description":505,"path":506,"coverImage":507,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Old World Swallowtail","The Old World swallowtail is a large, recognizable swallowtail of the temperate zone: yellow wings, black pattern, and bright 'tails' on the hindwings.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmahon","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmahon.jpg",{"title":509,"description":510,"path":511,"coverImage":512,"publishedAt":513,"order":267},"Oleander Hawkmoth","The oleander hawkmoth is a tropical sphingid, apple-green with pink bands, hovering at dusk over oleander. A Mediterranean resident, rare vagrant to Europe.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbraznik-oleandrovy","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbraznik-oleandrovy.png","09.06.2026",{"title":515,"description":516,"path":517,"coverImage":518,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Orange Tip","The orange tip is an early-spring white with an orange patch on the male's forewing. One of the first pierids to appear after snow melt.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzoryanka","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzoryanka.jpg",{"title":520,"description":521,"path":522,"coverImage":523,"publishedAt":330,"order":267},"Owl Butterfly","The owl butterfly Caligo memnon is a crepuscular nymphalid with large 'owl eyes' on its wing undersides, wingspan to 150 mm, in Central and South America.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsovinnaya-babochka","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsovinnaya-babochka.jpg",{"title":525,"description":526,"path":527,"coverImage":528,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Painted Lady","The painted lady is one of the longest-distance migrants among butterflies. Each year it travels thousands of kilometres from Africa into Europe and temperate Eurasia across its range.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Frepeynitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Frepeynitsa.jpg",{"title":530,"description":531,"path":532,"coverImage":533,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Pale Clouded Yellow","The pale clouded yellow is a yellow or whitish pierid. Males are lemon yellow, females often white. It lives on meadows with clover.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzheltushka-lugovaya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzheltushka-lugovaya.jpg",{"title":535,"description":536,"path":537,"coverImage":538,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Peacock","The peacock is one of the most beautiful temperate-zone butterflies. Four large wing 'eyes' mimic a predator's gaze, protecting it from birds.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpavliniy-glaz","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpavliniy-glaz.jpg",{"title":540,"description":541,"path":542,"coverImage":543,"publishedAt":544,"order":267},"Pearl Heath","The pearl heath (Coenonympha arcania) is a small satyr butterfly of Central and Southern Europe, with a white postdiscal stripe and silver-ringed eyespots.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsennitsa-arkaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsennitsa-arkaniya.png","04.08.2026",{"title":546,"description":547,"path":548,"coverImage":549,"publishedAt":550,"order":267},"Peleides Blue Morpho","The Peleides blue morpho is one of the largest, brightest butterflies alive — its iridescent blue wings, up to 20 cm, come from light-scattering nanostructures.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmorfo-peleid","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmorfo-peleid.png","10.08.2026",{"title":552,"description":553,"path":554,"coverImage":555,"publishedAt":556,"order":267},"Plain Tiger","The Plain Tiger (Danaus chrysippus) is among the world's most widely distributed butterflies, ranging from Africa to South Asia and Australia.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fdanajida-hrizipp","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fdanajida-hrizipp.png","16.06.2026",{"title":558,"description":559,"path":560,"coverImage":561,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Poplar Admiral","The poplar admiral is a large forest butterfly with dark wings and a white band. Males aggressively defend territory in tree crowns.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Flentochnik-topolevyi","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Flentochnik-topolevyi.jpg",{"title":563,"description":564,"path":565,"coverImage":566,"publishedAt":567,"order":267},"Priam's Birdwing","Priam's Birdwing is one of the largest, most spectacular butterflies. Males show iridescent green and black wings; larger females are brown and yellow.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpticekrylka-priam","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpticekrylka-priam.png","05.06.2026",{"title":569,"description":570,"path":571,"coverImage":572,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Purple Emperor","The purple emperor is one of the most beautiful butterflies in Europe. The male's wings shimmer with violet-blue iridescence in certain light.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperelivnitsa-iris","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperelivnitsa-iris.jpg",{"title":574,"description":575,"path":576,"coverImage":577,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Purple Hairstreak","The purple hairstreak is a small lycaenid with emerald-green undersides, living in oak woodland across Europe, most active high in the canopy.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzefir-dubovyi","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzefir-dubovyi.jpg",{"title":579,"description":580,"path":581,"coverImage":582,"publishedAt":330,"order":267},"Queen Alexandra's Birdwing","Queen Alexandra's birdwing is the world's largest day-flying butterfly, female wingspan up to 280 mm. Lives only in Papua New Guinea; endangered.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpticekrylka-aleksandry","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpticekrylka-aleksandry.jpg",{"title":584,"description":585,"path":586,"coverImage":587,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Queen of Spain Fritillary","The queen of Spain fritillary is a small butterfly with numerous silvery spots on the hindwing underside, occurring from lowlands to mountains.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-malaya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-malaya.jpg",{"title":589,"description":590,"path":591,"coverImage":592,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Red Admiral","The red admiral is a migratory butterfly with dark brown wings and a scarlet band. Each summer it migrates into temperate Eurasia, reaching the northern part of its range from the Mediterranean.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fadmiral","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fadmiral.jpg",{"title":594,"description":595,"path":596,"coverImage":597,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Scarce Swallowtail","The scarce swallowtail is a large swallowtail with cream-yellow wings and characteristic dark stripes. It is conspicuous in May in fruit orchards.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpodalirii","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpodalirii.jpg",{"title":599,"description":600,"path":601,"coverImage":602,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Silver-washed Fritillary","The silver-washed fritillary is a large woodland butterfly with orange wings. The underside of the hindwings shimmers with silvery pearl-like spots.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-bolshaya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-bolshaya.jpg",{"title":604,"description":605,"path":606,"coverImage":607,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Small Apollo","The small Apollo is a mountain Papilio with white wings similar to the Apollo but smaller. It lives in high mountains of the Altai, Siberia, and Central Asia.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Ffeby","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Ffeby.jpg",{"title":609,"description":610,"path":611,"coverImage":612,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Small Blue","The small blue is the smallest blue in Europe, with inconspicuous gray wings in both sexes; it lives on poor dry meadows with vetch.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fkupidok","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fkupidok.jpg",{"title":276,"description":614,"path":277,"coverImage":615,"publishedAt":616,"order":267},"The small copper is one of Europe's most vivid small butterflies — fiery orange-copper forewings flash in sun across meadows and heathlands worldwide.","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fchervonet-ognennyj.png","19.06.2026",{"title":618,"description":619,"path":620,"coverImage":621,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Small Heath","The small heath is a small reddish-brown butterfly of open meadows. It is one of the most abundant browns and occurs almost everywhere.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsennitsa-obyknovennaya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsennitsa-obyknovennaya.jpg",{"title":623,"description":624,"path":625,"coverImage":626,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary","The small pearl-bordered fritillary is a small fritillary of wet meadows, with clear white and rusty spots in a pattern on the hindwing underside.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fboloria-selene","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fboloria-selene.jpg",{"title":628,"description":629,"path":630,"coverImage":631,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Small Tortoiseshell","The small tortoiseshell is one of the most common day-flying butterflies of the temperate zone, with bright orange wings, black spots, and blue marginal 'eyes'.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fkrapivnitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fkrapivnitsa.jpg",{"title":633,"description":634,"path":635,"coverImage":636,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Small White","The small white is a small white butterfly similar to the large white, whose caterpillars feed on cabbage — the most common garden pest among the whites.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Frepnitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Frepnitsa.jpg",{"title":638,"description":639,"path":640,"coverImage":641,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Southern Festoon","The southern festoon is an early-spring butterfly of southern Russia with cream wings and red spots — one of the first swallowtails to fly each year.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpolyksena","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpolyksena.jpg",{"title":643,"description":644,"path":645,"coverImage":646,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Southern Swallowtail","The southern swallowtail is a rare Papilio with yellow-and-black wings, living in mountain areas of the Caucasus and Crimea, very seldom seen.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Falexanor","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Falexanor.jpg",{"title":648,"description":649,"path":650,"coverImage":651,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"Speckled Wood","The speckled wood is a mottled orange-brown butterfly of shady woods, preferring partial shade and damp forest paths across much of Europe.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbarkhatnitsa-egeriya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbarkhatnitsa-egeriya.jpg",{"title":653,"description":654,"path":655,"coverImage":656,"publishedAt":657,"order":267},"Ulysses Swallowtail","The Ulysses Swallowtail is a large rainforest swallowtail whose iridescent electric-blue wings flash through the canopy of Queensland and New Guinea.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fparusnik-uliss","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fparusnik-uliss.png","02.06.2026",{"title":659,"description":660,"path":661,"coverImage":662,"publishedAt":297,"order":267},"White Admiral","The white admiral is an elegant forest butterfly with dark brown wings and a broad white band. It flies in deciduous woods with honeysuckle.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbelolentochnik-kamilla","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbelolentochnik-kamilla.jpg",{"title":664,"description":665,"path":666,"coverImage":667,"publishedAt":668,"order":267},"Woodland Ringlet","The woodland ringlet (Erebia medusa) is a satyr butterfly of damp meadows across central Europe, with chocolate-brown wings and orange-ringed eyespots.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Ferebiya-meduza","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Ferebiya-meduza.png","27.07.2026",[],[],[672,674],{"label":246,"path":273,"description":274,"coverImage":673,"latinName":246},"\u002Fimages\u002Fsemeystva\u002Fgolubyanki.png",{"label":276,"path":277,"description":278,"coverImage":615,"latinName":675},"Lycaena phlaeas",[677,683,688,693,699],{"title":678,"description":679,"path":680,"coverImage":681,"publishedAt":297,"order":682},"Day-flying butterflies","Day-flying butterflies are the most conspicuous Lepidoptera: they fly in sunlight, have club-shaped antennae, and often bright colouration.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fdnevnye-babochki","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fdnevnye-babochki.jpg",1,{"title":684,"description":685,"path":686,"coverImage":687,"publishedAt":297,"order":229},"Nocturnal butterflies and moths","Nocturnal butterflies and moths are a diverse group of Lepidoptera active at dusk and night. There are far more species than among day-flying butterflies.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fnochanye-babochki-i-motylki","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fnochanye-babochki-i-motylki.jpg",{"title":689,"description":690,"path":691,"coverImage":692,"publishedAt":297,"order":236},"Large butterflies","Large butterflies impress with wingspan: from the familiar swallowtail to giant birdwings with wings wider than 25 centimetres.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fkrupnye-babochki","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fkrupnye-babochki.jpg",{"title":694,"description":695,"path":696,"coverImage":697,"publishedAt":297,"order":698},"Rare butterflies","Rare butterflies — threatened species: Apollo, clouded Apollo, large blue, and other declining Lepidoptera.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fredkie-babochki","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fredkie-babochki.jpg",4,{"title":700,"description":701,"path":702,"coverImage":703,"publishedAt":297,"order":704},"How to identify a butterfly species","Step-by-step guide to identifying a butterfly: size, colour, wing shape, antennae, place and time of encounter. Methods without capture and using photographs.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fkak-opredelit-vid-babochki","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fkak-opredelit-vid-babochki.jpg",5,1787125906239]