[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":701},["ShallowReactive",2],{"species_en:\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fvolovij-glaz":3,"alt-locale:species_en:\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fvolovij-glaz":247,"section-listing:species_en:\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy":284,"section-listing:disabled":658,"related-covers:en:\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsennitsa-obyknovennaya|\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fchernushka|\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbarkhatnitsa-egeriya":659,"related-covers:en:\u002Fsemeystva\u002Fnimfalidy|\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsennitsa-obyknovennaya|\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fchernushka|\u002Fopredelitel\u002Fpo-mestu-vstrechi":665,"section-listing:species_en:\u002Fvidy-babochek":672},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"conservationStatus":225,"coverImage":226,"description":227,"extension":228,"family":229,"familySlug":230,"faq":231,"hostPlants":241,"imagePrompt":245,"latinName":26,"meta":246,"navigation":247,"order":248,"pageType":249,"path":250,"publishedAt":251,"readingMinutes":252,"relatedLinks":253,"relatedSpecies":265,"season":271,"seo":272,"sitemap":275,"stem":276,"tags":277,"updatedAt":248,"wingspanMm":282,"__hash__":283},"species_en\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fvolovij-glaz.md","Meadow Brown",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":212},"minimark",[9,14,32,38,54,57,61,68,75,82,86,93,96,99,103,110,117,121,124,127,131,134,172,176,183,186,190,197,201],[10,11,13],"h2",{"id":12},"appearance","Appearance",[15,16,17,18,22,23,27,28,31],"p",{},"The ",[19,20,21],"strong",{},"meadow brown"," (",[24,25,26],"em",{},"Maniola jurtina",") is a medium-sized butterfly with a wingspan of 40–60 mm, classified in the subfamily Satyrinae (browns). Its colour is predominantly warm brown, and the key identification feature is the ",[19,29,30],{},"black eyespot with a white pupil"," on the forewing upper surface, sitting within or near an orange-yellow patch.",[15,33,34,37],{},[19,35,36],{},"Sexual dimorphism"," is pronounced:",[39,40,41,48],"ul",{},[42,43,44,47],"li",{},[19,45,46],{},"Female"," — larger (50–60 mm); broad orange-yellow patch on the forewing surrounding the eyespot; sometimes a hint of orange on the hindwing.",[42,49,50,53],{},[19,51,52],{},"Male"," — smaller (40–50 mm); dark brown with a reduced or absent orange patch; a distinctive smudge of darker androconial scales (sex brands) across the forewing creates a subtle texture visible in hand.",[15,55,56],{},"The underside of the hindwing is pale greyish-brown with a slight marbling — excellent camouflage on dry grass stems when the butterfly rests with wings closed. The forewing underside repeats the eyespot pattern seen above.",[10,58,60],{"id":59},"range-and-habitat","Range and habitat",[15,62,63,64,67],{},"The meadow brown is distributed across the entire ",[19,65,66],{},"Palaearctic temperate zone"," from the Azores and Canary Islands to Central Asia. In Russia it is widespread in the European part from the Kola Peninsula south to the Caucasus; it is absent from Siberia east of the Urals.",[15,69,70,71,74],{},"Preferred habitats are all types of ",[19,72,73],{},"unimproved grassland",": traditional hay meadows, roadside verges, railway embankments, woodland rides and clearings, chalk downland, cliff tops, and rough field margins. It avoids very short-grazed turf (where grass tussocks are absent) and dense forest interior. One or two metres of tall, tussocky grass is all it requires.",[15,76,77,78,81],{},"The meadow brown is consistently the ",[19,79,80],{},"most numerous butterfly species"," at grassland survey sites across Britain and much of northern Europe.",[10,83,85],{"id":84},"behaviour","Behaviour",[15,87,88,89,92],{},"Unlike many butterflies, the meadow brown remains active on ",[19,90,91],{},"overcast and relatively cool days"," — down to about 14–15°C — when other species are grounded. This is an adaptation to the cool, cloudy summers of northwest Europe and is one reason it is so often the only butterfly visible in overcast British or north German weather.",[15,94,95],{},"Males fly low over grass in a characteristic lazy, slightly bouncing flight, searching for females and investigating any moving insect. On sunny days they bask on flower heads — particularly knapweed, marjoram, bramble, and ragwort. Females are more secretive and spend more time among grass stems.",[15,97,98],{},"The species is not territorial in the way that some small coppers or browns are; males fly widely through suitable habitat rather than defending fixed perches.",[10,100,102],{"id":101},"flight-season","Flight season",[15,104,105,106,109],{},"The meadow brown has a single brood per year with a long, staggered adult season: ",[19,107,108],{},"late June to early September"," in most of Britain and northern Europe, with a peak in July. In southern Europe and the Mediterranean the season extends from May to October and there may be a partial second brood.",[15,111,112,113,116],{},"In Russia the main flight period is ",[19,114,115],{},"June–August"," across most of the range.",[10,118,120],{"id":119},"reproduction","Reproduction",[15,122,123],{},"The female lays single eggs loosely among grass stems or even drops them in flight onto suitable vegetation — an unusual behaviour that effectively broadcasts eggs across a wider area. The caterpillar hatches in late summer, feeds on various fine grasses through the autumn, and overwinters in a semi-dormant state among grass roots. It resumes feeding in early spring and pupates in April–May, low among grass stems.",[15,125,126],{},"The caterpillar is green with white longitudinal stripes and a forked tail tip — the typical satyrid larval form. It is nocturnal, feeding at night and resting at the base of grass tussocks by day.",[10,128,130],{"id":129},"similar-species","Similar species",[15,132,133],{},"Several European browns can be confused with the meadow brown:",[39,135,136,145,154,163],{},[42,137,138,22,141,144],{},[19,139,140],{},"Gatekeeper",[24,142,143],{},"Pyronia tithonus",") — smaller; brighter orange forewing patch; hindwing has multiple small eyespots below; woodland edges.",[42,146,147,22,150,153],{},[19,148,149],{},"Ringlet",[24,151,152],{},"Aphantopus hyperantus",") — uniformly dark brown; multiple cream-ringed eyespots on both wing surfaces; no orange patch; very similar flight habitat.",[42,155,156,22,159,162],{},[19,157,158],{},"Small Heath",[24,160,161],{},"Coenonympha pamphilus",") — much smaller; no eyespot on upper surface; always rests with wings closed.",[42,164,165,22,168,171],{},[19,166,167],{},"Dusky Meadow Brown",[24,169,170],{},"Hyponephele lycaon",") — smaller, paler; male has two sex brands; drier, stonier habitats; more continental distribution.",[10,173,175],{"id":174},"distribution-in-russia","Distribution in Russia",[15,177,178,179,182],{},"In Russia the meadow brown is a ",[19,180,181],{},"common and widespread species in the European part",", found from the Kola Peninsula (Murmansk region) south through the Central Russian Upland to the Caucasus. It is particularly abundant in the forest-steppe zone where traditional meadow-farming landscapes persist. It is absent from the Urals and does not occur in Siberia.",[15,184,185],{},"At the northern edge of its range in Russia the flight season is compressed into July–August, and the single brood is smaller and darker than populations further south.",[10,187,189],{"id":188},"conservation-status","Conservation status",[15,191,192,193,196],{},"The meadow brown is ",[19,194,195],{},"Least Concern (LC)"," globally and is not threatened at the species level. However, it has declined in some western European countries due to agricultural intensification: the ploughing and reseeding of unimproved meadows with grass monocultures removes the structural diversity that the species needs. Conservation measures targeting unimproved grassland — delayed hay cutting (after late July), maintenance of rough field margins, and reduced pesticide use — directly benefit meadow brown populations.",[10,198,200],{"id":199},"interesting-facts","Interesting facts",[39,202,203,206,209],{},[42,204,205],{},"The meadow brown is the subject of one of the longest-running butterfly population genetics studies: ongoing since 1950, examining geographic variation in wing spot patterns across Britain.",[42,207,208],{},"Females can store sperm for several weeks and may mate only once; males, however, attempt to mate with any female they encounter regardless of mating history.",[42,210,211],{},"The Russian common name \"воловий глаз\" (literally \"ox eye\") refers to the prominent circular eyespot on the forewing — the same morphological feature that gives the species its Bulgarian, Czech, and Slovak folk names.",{"title":213,"searchDepth":214,"depth":214,"links":215},"",2,[216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224],{"id":12,"depth":214,"text":13},{"id":59,"depth":214,"text":60},{"id":84,"depth":214,"text":85},{"id":101,"depth":214,"text":102},{"id":119,"depth":214,"text":120},{"id":129,"depth":214,"text":130},{"id":174,"depth":214,"text":175},{"id":188,"depth":214,"text":189},{"id":199,"depth":214,"text":200},"LC","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fvolovij-glaz.png","The meadow brown is the commonest butterfly in Britain and one of Europe's most abundant, with a distinctive forewing eyespot.","md","Nymphalidae","nimfalidy",[232,235,238],{"q":233,"a":234},"How do you tell male and female meadow browns apart?","Sexual dimorphism in the meadow brown is pronounced. The female is larger (wingspan up to 60 mm) and has a broad orange-yellow patch on the forewing that surrounds the eyespot. The male is smaller, darker brown, and the orange patch is either very small or absent — replaced by a smudge of diffuse androconial scales (sex brands) that emit pheromones. Both sexes have the characteristic black eyespot with a white pupil on the forewing.",{"q":236,"a":237},"Why is the meadow brown the commonest butterfly in Britain?","Three factors: the meadow brown uses a wide range of common grasses as larval host plants, so it can breed almost anywhere with unimproved grassland; it has a long adult flight season (June–September); and it tolerates a wide range of temperatures, remaining active even on overcast days when most butterflies rest. This combination makes it exceptionally well suited to Britain's often cool, cloudy summers.",{"q":239,"a":240},"Does the meadow brown overwinter as an adult?","No. The meadow brown overwinters as a small caterpillar, which feeds on grass through mild winter nights and enters a dormant state in cold spells. The overwintering caterpillar stage is unusual among European nymphalids (most overwinter as adults or pupae). Pupation occurs in spring and adults emerge from late June.",[242,243,244],"Meadow grasses (Poa, Festuca, Brachypodium)","False brome (Brachypodium sylvaticum)","Annual meadow grass (Poa annua)","Photorealistic macro photography, Maniola jurtina meadow brown butterfly on wild marjoram flower, brown wings with forewing orange patch and black eyespot with white pupil, sharp detail, green summer meadow background, warm afternoon light, 16:9",{},true,null,"species","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fvolovij-glaz","21.06.2026",1,[254,257,259,262],{"label":255,"path":256},"Family Nymphalidae","\u002Fsemeystva\u002Fnimfalidy",{"label":158,"path":258},"\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsennitsa-obyknovennaya",{"label":260,"path":261},"Arran Brown","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fchernushka",{"label":263,"path":264},"Grassland habitats","\u002Fopredelitel\u002Fpo-mestu-vstrechi",[266,267,268],{"label":158,"path":258},{"label":260,"path":261},{"label":269,"path":270},"Speckled Wood","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbarkhatnitsa-egeriya","June — September",{"title":273,"description":274},"Meadow Brown (Maniola jurtina) — Description, Photos, Habitat","Meadow brown (Maniola jurtina): Europe's commonest grassland butterfly. Description, photos, how to tell male from female, flight season, and distribution in Russia.",{"loc":250},"vidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fvolovij-glaz",[278,279,280,281],"nymphalids","browns","meadow butterflies","day-flying butterflies","40-60","3opEy971EcNECCS_lZ-Fw1XcngxIv_Xchc43Um4eBQk",[285,291,296,299,305,311,316,322,327,333,339,344,349,354,360,365,370,376,381,386,391,396,401,407,412,417,422,427,432,437,442,447,452,457,462,467,468,473,479,484,489,494,499,505,510,515,520,525,530,536,542,548,553,559,564,569,574,579,584,589,594,599,604,610,613,618,623,628,633,638,641,647,652],{"title":286,"description":287,"path":288,"coverImage":289,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Amanda's Blue","Amanda's blue is a large blue with vivid blue wings. Males are intense blue without orange lunules, unlike most related species.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-amanda","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-amanda.jpg","01.05.2026",{"title":292,"description":293,"path":294,"coverImage":295,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Apollo","The Apollo is a large mountain butterfly with semi-transparent white wings and red \"eyespots.\" A protected species listed in the Red Data Book of Russia.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fapollo","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fapollo.jpg",{"title":260,"description":297,"path":261,"coverImage":298,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"The Arran brown is a dark brown butterfly of forest edges with characteristic eyespots. A typical member of the genus *Erebia*.","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fchernushka.jpg",{"title":300,"description":301,"path":302,"coverImage":303,"publishedAt":304,"order":248},"Bhutan Glory","The Bhutan Glory is a spectacular Himalayan swallowtail with iridescent tails, found in cool forests of Nepal, Bhutan, and northeast India.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbutanitis-lidderdeylya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbutanitis-lidderdeylya.png","25.07.2026",{"title":306,"description":307,"path":308,"coverImage":309,"publishedAt":310,"order":248},"Black Hairstreak","The Black Hairstreak is one of Europe's most localised butterflies, tied to blackthorn in woodland edges. Its short June–July season makes it easy to miss.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fhvostanka-slivovaya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fhvostanka-slivovaya.png","23.06.2026",{"title":312,"description":313,"path":314,"coverImage":315,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Black-veined White","The black-veined white is a large white butterfly with dark wing veins, whose caterpillars overwinter in colonies and strip fruit-tree leaves in spring.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fboyaryshnitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fboyaryshnitsa.jpg",{"title":317,"description":318,"path":319,"coverImage":320,"publishedAt":321,"order":248},"Blue Morpho","The blue morpho is a tropical butterfly with metallic-blue wings up to 130 mm across. Its iridescent sheen comes from nanostructure, not pigment.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmorfo-sinij","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmorfo-sinij.jpg","24.06.2026",{"title":323,"description":324,"path":325,"coverImage":326,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Brimstone","The brimstone is the first butterfly of spring: males bright yellow, females greenish white. It lives longer than most butterflies — up to 13 months.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Flimonnitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Flimonnitsa.jpg",{"title":328,"description":329,"path":330,"coverImage":331,"publishedAt":332,"order":248},"Brown Hairstreak","The Brown Hairstreak is one of Europe's most secretive butterflies, living high in tree canopies. Its eggs on blackthorn twigs reveal it in winter.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzefir-berezovyj","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzefir-berezovyj.png","25.06.2026",{"title":334,"description":335,"path":336,"coverImage":337,"publishedAt":338,"order":248},"Cardinal","The cardinal (Argynnis pandora) is the largest Mediterranean fritillary — its hindwing underside suffused with crimson, giving the species its English name.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-pandora","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-pandora.png","12.08.2026",{"title":340,"description":341,"path":342,"coverImage":343,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Cleopatra","Cleopatra is a large butterfly of southern Russia and the Mediterranean. Males have a bright orange patch on the forewing — the most vivid of the brimstones.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzheltushka-kleopatra","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzheltushka-kleopatra.jpg",{"title":345,"description":346,"path":347,"coverImage":348,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Clouded Apollo","The clouded Apollo is a rare mountain butterfly with white semi-transparent wings and black spots. Listed in Red Data Books of many regions of Russia.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmnemozina","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmnemozina.jpg",{"title":350,"description":351,"path":352,"coverImage":353,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Comma","The comma is a butterfly with uneven, 'ragged' wing margins. On the underside of the hindwings is a white mark shaped like a comma — its second common name.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fugolnitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fugolnitsa.jpg",{"title":355,"description":356,"path":357,"coverImage":358,"publishedAt":359,"order":248},"Common Birdwing","The Common Birdwing is one of the most widespread true birdwings, giant iridescent swallowtails found from South Asia to the western Pacific.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpticekrylka-elena","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpticekrylka-elena.png","20.07.2026",{"title":361,"description":362,"path":363,"coverImage":364,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Common Blue","The common blue is one of the most widespread blues of the temperate zone and Eurasia. Males are intensely blue, females brown. It occurs on any meadow with clover.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-ikarus","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-ikarus.jpg",{"title":366,"description":367,"path":368,"coverImage":369,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Dark Green Fritillary","The dark green fritillary is a meadow butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. The underside of the hindwings is dark green with silvery triangular spots.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-aglaya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-aglaya.jpg",{"title":371,"description":372,"path":373,"coverImage":374,"publishedAt":375,"order":248},"Death's-head Hawkmoth","The death's-head hawkmoth is a dramatic sphingid with a skull-like thorax pattern, powerful flight, and a squeak when disturbed — a regular migrant to Europe.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmertvaya-golova","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmertvaya-golova.png","12.06.2026",{"title":377,"description":378,"path":379,"coverImage":380,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Dryad","The dryad is a large dark butterfly of the browns with bluish eyespots, living in floodplain forests and reed beds across Eurasia.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsatir-driad","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsatir-driad.jpg",{"title":382,"description":383,"path":384,"coverImage":385,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"False Heath Fritillary","The false heath fritillary is a small meadow butterfly with a checkered pattern. It inhabits damp meadows with valerian — the main caterpillar host plant.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fshashechnitsa-diktinna","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fshashechnitsa-diktinna.jpg",{"title":387,"description":388,"path":389,"coverImage":390,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Glanville Fritillary","The Glanville fritillary is a small butterfly with a checkered pattern of reddish and black patches — a classic subject of population ecology research.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fshashechnitsa-cinxia","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fshashechnitsa-cinxia.jpg",{"title":392,"description":393,"path":394,"coverImage":395,"publishedAt":321,"order":248},"Glasswing Butterfly","The glasswing butterfly Greta oto is a nymphalid with transparent wings lacking scales in the center — a master of camouflage in Central American forests.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsteklyannaya-babochka","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsteklyannaya-babochka.jpg",{"title":397,"description":398,"path":399,"coverImage":400,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Grayling","The grayling is a large brown of rocky and sandy places. A master of camouflage: on stone or bark it is almost invisible.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsatir-semele","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsatir-semele.jpg",{"title":402,"description":403,"path":404,"coverImage":405,"publishedAt":406,"order":248},"Great Peacock Moth","The great peacock moth is Europe's largest nocturnal moth — a saturniid with a wingspan up to 15 cm, striking eyespots, and antennae detecting females afar.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbolshoj-pavlinij-glaz","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbolshoj-pavlinij-glaz.png","29.05.2026",{"title":408,"description":409,"path":410,"coverImage":411,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Green Hairstreak","The green hairstreak is a small blue with bright emerald-green undersides. Widespread in Europe and Asia, it lives on edges and rough ground.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbronzovka","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbronzovka.jpg",{"title":413,"description":414,"path":415,"coverImage":416,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Green-underside Blue","The green-underside blue is a small spring blue. The underside of the hindwings is bright green with white-ringed spots, making it easy to identify.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-aleksis","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-aleksis.jpg",{"title":418,"description":419,"path":420,"coverImage":421,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Green-veined White","The green-veined white is a small white with characteristic green veins on the underside of the hindwings. The most common of the three \"garden whites.\"","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbryukvennitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbryukvennitsa.jpg",{"title":423,"description":424,"path":425,"coverImage":426,"publishedAt":321,"order":248},"Heliconius Melpomene","Heliconius melpomene is a tropical nymphalid with red-and-black wings, a classic example of Müllerian mimicry, inhabiting Central and South American forests.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgelikoniya-melpomena","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgelikoniya-melpomena.jpg",{"title":428,"description":429,"path":430,"coverImage":431,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Hercules Grayling","The Hercules grayling is a large mountain brown. It is close to the grayling but larger and lives in more rocky, mountainous landscapes.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsatir-gerkules","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsatir-gerkules.jpg",{"title":433,"description":434,"path":435,"coverImage":436,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"High Brown Fritillary","The high brown fritillary is a large meadow and woodland butterfly. The underside of the hindwings is green with silvery spots and reddish strokes.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-adippe","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-adippe.jpg",{"title":438,"description":439,"path":440,"coverImage":441,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Large Blue","The large blue is a big blue butterfly with an unusual life cycle: the caterpillar parasitizes colonies of red ants. A protected species.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-arion","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-arion.jpg",{"title":443,"description":444,"path":445,"coverImage":446,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Large Tortoiseshell","The large tortoiseshell is a nymphalid with tawny brown, variegated wings, resembling the small tortoiseshell but bigger, with different host plants.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmnogotsvetnitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmnogotsvetnitsa.jpg",{"title":448,"description":449,"path":450,"coverImage":451,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Large White","The large white is the commonest white butterfly in gardens, whose caterpillars eat cabbage. Larger than the small white, with dark wing spots.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fkapustnitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fkapustnitsa.jpg",{"title":453,"description":454,"path":455,"coverImage":456,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Lesser Purple Emperor","The lesser purple emperor is a close relative of the purple emperor. It is smaller, with a warmer reddish tint and a larger orange 'eyespot' on the hindwings.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperelivnitsa-iliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperelivnitsa-iliya.jpg",{"title":458,"description":459,"path":460,"coverImage":461,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Marbled Fritillary","The marbled fritillary (*Brenthis ino*) is a small fritillary of wet meadows. The underside of the hindwings is mottled yellow-violet with pearly spots.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbrenthis-ino","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbrenthis-ino.jpg",{"title":463,"description":464,"path":465,"coverImage":466,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Marbled White","The marbled white is a large black-and-white butterfly. Its bold contrast makes it one of Europe's most recognizable species.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbarkhatnitsa-galatea","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbarkhatnitsa-galatea.jpg",{"title":5,"description":227,"path":250,"coverImage":226,"publishedAt":251,"order":248},{"title":469,"description":470,"path":471,"coverImage":472,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Meleager's Blue","Meleager's blue is a large, handsome blue. Males are bright blue with a broad dark border; the underside of the wings has a characteristic white streak.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-dafnis","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-dafnis.jpg",{"title":474,"description":475,"path":476,"coverImage":477,"publishedAt":478,"order":248},"Mocker Swallowtail","The Mocker Swallowtail is an African swallowtail famous for females with dozens of forms, each mimicking a different distasteful butterfly.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fparusnik-dardan","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fparusnik-dardan.png","23.07.2026",{"title":480,"description":481,"path":482,"coverImage":483,"publishedAt":321,"order":248},"Monarch","The monarch is the world's most famous migratory butterfly, covering up to 4,500 km per season, with orange wings marked by black veins and white spots.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmonarh","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmonarh.jpg",{"title":485,"description":486,"path":487,"coverImage":488,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Mourning Cloak","The mourning cloak is a large butterfly with dark chocolate wings bordered by a yellow band and blue spots — one of Europe's longest-lived butterflies.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Ftraurnitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Ftraurnitsa.jpg",{"title":490,"description":491,"path":492,"coverImage":493,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Nickerl's Fritillary","Nickerl's fritillary is a small butterfly with the typical checkered nymphalid pattern, occurring on dry meadows with plantain in European Russia.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fshashechnitsa-aurelia","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fshashechnitsa-aurelia.jpg",{"title":495,"description":496,"path":497,"coverImage":498,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Old World Swallowtail","The Old World swallowtail is a large, recognizable swallowtail of the temperate zone: yellow wings, black pattern, and bright 'tails' on the hindwings.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmahon","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmahon.jpg",{"title":500,"description":501,"path":502,"coverImage":503,"publishedAt":504,"order":248},"Oleander Hawkmoth","The oleander hawkmoth is a tropical sphingid, apple-green with pink bands, hovering at dusk over oleander. A Mediterranean resident, rare vagrant to Europe.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbraznik-oleandrovy","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbraznik-oleandrovy.png","09.06.2026",{"title":506,"description":507,"path":508,"coverImage":509,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Orange Tip","The orange tip is an early-spring white with an orange patch on the male's forewing. One of the first pierids to appear after snow melt.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzoryanka","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzoryanka.jpg",{"title":511,"description":512,"path":513,"coverImage":514,"publishedAt":321,"order":248},"Owl Butterfly","The owl butterfly Caligo memnon is a crepuscular nymphalid with large 'owl eyes' on its wing undersides, wingspan to 150 mm, in Central and South America.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsovinnaya-babochka","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsovinnaya-babochka.jpg",{"title":516,"description":517,"path":518,"coverImage":519,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Painted Lady","The painted lady is one of the longest-distance migrants among butterflies. Each year it travels thousands of kilometres from Africa into Europe and temperate Eurasia across its range.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Frepeynitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Frepeynitsa.jpg",{"title":521,"description":522,"path":523,"coverImage":524,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Pale Clouded Yellow","The pale clouded yellow is a yellow or whitish pierid. Males are lemon yellow, females often white. It lives on meadows with clover.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzheltushka-lugovaya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzheltushka-lugovaya.jpg",{"title":526,"description":527,"path":528,"coverImage":529,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Peacock","The peacock is one of the most beautiful temperate-zone butterflies. Four large wing 'eyes' mimic a predator's gaze, protecting it from birds.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpavliniy-glaz","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpavliniy-glaz.jpg",{"title":531,"description":532,"path":533,"coverImage":534,"publishedAt":535,"order":248},"Pearl Heath","The pearl heath (Coenonympha arcania) is a small satyr butterfly of Central and Southern Europe, with a white postdiscal stripe and silver-ringed eyespots.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsennitsa-arkaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsennitsa-arkaniya.png","04.08.2026",{"title":537,"description":538,"path":539,"coverImage":540,"publishedAt":541,"order":248},"Peleides Blue Morpho","The Peleides blue morpho is one of the largest, brightest butterflies alive — its iridescent blue wings, up to 20 cm, come from light-scattering nanostructures.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmorfo-peleid","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmorfo-peleid.png","10.08.2026",{"title":543,"description":544,"path":545,"coverImage":546,"publishedAt":547,"order":248},"Plain Tiger","The Plain Tiger (Danaus chrysippus) is among the world's most widely distributed butterflies, ranging from Africa to South Asia and Australia.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fdanajida-hrizipp","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fdanajida-hrizipp.png","16.06.2026",{"title":549,"description":550,"path":551,"coverImage":552,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Poplar Admiral","The poplar admiral is a large forest butterfly with dark wings and a white band. Males aggressively defend territory in tree crowns.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Flentochnik-topolevyi","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Flentochnik-topolevyi.jpg",{"title":554,"description":555,"path":556,"coverImage":557,"publishedAt":558,"order":248},"Priam's Birdwing","Priam's Birdwing is one of the largest, most spectacular butterflies. Males show iridescent green and black wings; larger females are brown and yellow.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpticekrylka-priam","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpticekrylka-priam.png","05.06.2026",{"title":560,"description":561,"path":562,"coverImage":563,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Purple Emperor","The purple emperor is one of the most beautiful butterflies in Europe. The male's wings shimmer with violet-blue iridescence in certain light.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperelivnitsa-iris","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperelivnitsa-iris.jpg",{"title":565,"description":566,"path":567,"coverImage":568,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Purple Hairstreak","The purple hairstreak is a small lycaenid with emerald-green undersides, living in oak woodland across Europe, most active high in the canopy.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzefir-dubovyi","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzefir-dubovyi.jpg",{"title":570,"description":571,"path":572,"coverImage":573,"publishedAt":321,"order":248},"Queen Alexandra's Birdwing","Queen Alexandra's birdwing is the world's largest day-flying butterfly, female wingspan up to 280 mm. Lives only in Papua New Guinea; endangered.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpticekrylka-aleksandry","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpticekrylka-aleksandry.jpg",{"title":575,"description":576,"path":577,"coverImage":578,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Queen of Spain Fritillary","The queen of Spain fritillary is a small butterfly with numerous silvery spots on the hindwing underside, occurring from lowlands to mountains.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-malaya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-malaya.jpg",{"title":580,"description":581,"path":582,"coverImage":583,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Red Admiral","The red admiral is a migratory butterfly with dark brown wings and a scarlet band. Each summer it migrates into temperate Eurasia, reaching the northern part of its range from the Mediterranean.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fadmiral","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fadmiral.jpg",{"title":585,"description":586,"path":587,"coverImage":588,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Scarce Swallowtail","The scarce swallowtail is a large swallowtail with cream-yellow wings and characteristic dark stripes. It is conspicuous in May in fruit orchards.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpodalirii","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpodalirii.jpg",{"title":590,"description":591,"path":592,"coverImage":593,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Silver-washed Fritillary","The silver-washed fritillary is a large woodland butterfly with orange wings. The underside of the hindwings shimmers with silvery pearl-like spots.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-bolshaya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-bolshaya.jpg",{"title":595,"description":596,"path":597,"coverImage":598,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Small Apollo","The small Apollo is a mountain Papilio with white wings similar to the Apollo but smaller. It lives in high mountains of the Altai, Siberia, and Central Asia.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Ffeby","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Ffeby.jpg",{"title":600,"description":601,"path":602,"coverImage":603,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Small Blue","The small blue is the smallest blue in Europe, with inconspicuous gray wings in both sexes; it lives on poor dry meadows with vetch.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fkupidok","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fkupidok.jpg",{"title":605,"description":606,"path":607,"coverImage":608,"publishedAt":609,"order":248},"Small Copper","The small copper is one of Europe's most vivid small butterflies — fiery orange-copper forewings flash in sun across meadows and heathlands worldwide.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fchervonet-ognennyj","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fchervonet-ognennyj.png","19.06.2026",{"title":158,"description":611,"path":258,"coverImage":612,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"The small heath is a small reddish-brown butterfly of open meadows. It is one of the most abundant browns and occurs almost everywhere.","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsennitsa-obyknovennaya.jpg",{"title":614,"description":615,"path":616,"coverImage":617,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary","The small pearl-bordered fritillary is a small fritillary of wet meadows, with clear white and rusty spots in a pattern on the hindwing underside.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fboloria-selene","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fboloria-selene.jpg",{"title":619,"description":620,"path":621,"coverImage":622,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Small Tortoiseshell","The small tortoiseshell is one of the most common day-flying butterflies of the temperate zone, with bright orange wings, black spots, and blue marginal 'eyes'.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fkrapivnitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fkrapivnitsa.jpg",{"title":624,"description":625,"path":626,"coverImage":627,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Small White","The small white is a small white butterfly similar to the large white, whose caterpillars feed on cabbage — the most common garden pest among the whites.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Frepnitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Frepnitsa.jpg",{"title":629,"description":630,"path":631,"coverImage":632,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Southern Festoon","The southern festoon is an early-spring butterfly of southern Russia with cream wings and red spots — one of the first swallowtails to fly each year.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpolyksena","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpolyksena.jpg",{"title":634,"description":635,"path":636,"coverImage":637,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"Southern Swallowtail","The southern swallowtail is a rare Papilio with yellow-and-black wings, living in mountain areas of the Caucasus and Crimea, very seldom seen.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Falexanor","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Falexanor.jpg",{"title":269,"description":639,"path":270,"coverImage":640,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"The speckled wood is a mottled orange-brown butterfly of shady woods, preferring partial shade and damp forest paths across much of Europe.","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbarkhatnitsa-egeriya.jpg",{"title":642,"description":643,"path":644,"coverImage":645,"publishedAt":646,"order":248},"Ulysses Swallowtail","The Ulysses Swallowtail is a large rainforest swallowtail whose iridescent electric-blue wings flash through the canopy of Queensland and New Guinea.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fparusnik-uliss","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fparusnik-uliss.png","02.06.2026",{"title":648,"description":649,"path":650,"coverImage":651,"publishedAt":290,"order":248},"White Admiral","The white admiral is an elegant forest butterfly with dark brown wings and a broad white band. It flies in deciduous woods with honeysuckle.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbelolentochnik-kamilla","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbelolentochnik-kamilla.jpg",{"title":653,"description":654,"path":655,"coverImage":656,"publishedAt":657,"order":248},"Woodland Ringlet","The woodland ringlet (Erebia medusa) is a satyr butterfly of damp meadows across central Europe, with chocolate-brown wings and orange-ringed eyespots.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Ferebiya-meduza","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Ferebiya-meduza.png","27.07.2026",[],[660,661,663],{"label":158,"path":258,"coverImage":612,"latinName":161},{"label":260,"path":261,"coverImage":298,"latinName":662},"Erebia ligea",{"label":269,"path":270,"coverImage":640,"latinName":664},"Pararge aegeria",[666,668,669,670],{"label":255,"path":256,"coverImage":667,"latinName":229},"\u002Fimages\u002Fsemeystva\u002Fnimfalidy.png",{"label":158,"path":258,"coverImage":612,"latinName":161},{"label":260,"path":261,"coverImage":298,"latinName":662},{"label":263,"path":264,"coverImage":671,"latinName":248},"\u002Fimages\u002Fopredelitel\u002Fpo-mestu-vstrechi.png",[673,678,683,689,695],{"title":674,"description":675,"path":676,"coverImage":677,"publishedAt":290,"order":252},"Day-flying butterflies","Day-flying butterflies are the most conspicuous Lepidoptera: they fly in sunlight, have club-shaped antennae, and often bright colouration.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fdnevnye-babochki","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fdnevnye-babochki.jpg",{"title":679,"description":680,"path":681,"coverImage":682,"publishedAt":290,"order":214},"Nocturnal butterflies and moths","Nocturnal butterflies and moths are a diverse group of Lepidoptera active at dusk and night. There are far more species than among day-flying butterflies.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fnochanye-babochki-i-motylki","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fnochanye-babochki-i-motylki.jpg",{"title":684,"description":685,"path":686,"coverImage":687,"publishedAt":290,"order":688},"Large butterflies","Large butterflies impress with wingspan: from the familiar swallowtail to giant birdwings with wings wider than 25 centimetres.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fkrupnye-babochki","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fkrupnye-babochki.jpg",3,{"title":690,"description":691,"path":692,"coverImage":693,"publishedAt":290,"order":694},"Rare butterflies","Rare butterflies — threatened species: Apollo, clouded Apollo, large blue, and other declining Lepidoptera.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fredkie-babochki","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fredkie-babochki.jpg",4,{"title":696,"description":697,"path":698,"coverImage":699,"publishedAt":290,"order":700},"How to identify a butterfly species","Step-by-step guide to identifying a butterfly: size, colour, wing shape, antennae, place and time of encounter. Methods without capture and using photographs.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fkak-opredelit-vid-babochki","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fkak-opredelit-vid-babochki.jpg",5,1787125906230]