[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":592},["ShallowReactive",2],{"species_en:\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fparusnik-dardan":3,"alt-locale:species_en:\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fparusnik-dardan":129,"section-listing:species_en:\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy":174,"section-listing:disabled":548,"related-covers:en:\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fparusnik-uliss|\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmahon|\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpodalirii":549,"related-covers:en:\u002Fsemeystva\u002Fparusniki|\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika|\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fmimikriya-i-maskirovka|\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy":556,"section-listing:species_en:\u002Fvidy-babochek":563},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"conservationStatus":107,"coverImage":108,"description":109,"extension":110,"family":111,"familySlug":112,"faq":113,"hostPlants":123,"imagePrompt":127,"latinName":26,"meta":128,"navigation":129,"order":130,"pageType":131,"path":132,"publishedAt":133,"readingMinutes":134,"relatedLinks":135,"relatedSpecies":151,"season":161,"seo":162,"sitemap":165,"stem":166,"tags":167,"updatedAt":130,"wingspanMm":172,"__hash__":173},"species_en\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fparusnik-dardan.md","Mocker Swallowtail",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":98},"minimark",[9,14,44,48,57,61,64,68,78,82],[10,11,13],"h2",{"id":12},"appearance","Appearance",[15,16,17,18,22,23,27,28,31,32,35,36,39,40,43],"p",{},"The ",[19,20,21],"strong",{},"mocker swallowtail"," (",[24,25,26],"em",{},"Papilio dardanus",") is a medium-to-large African swallowtail with a wingspan of roughly 80–110 mm. Males are relatively uniform across the species' vast range: pale yellow or cream wings crossed by black veins and borders, with the hindwing drawn out into a slender tail, a conventional swallowtail pattern shared with many relatives. Females are the species' real distinction — across most of mainland Africa they abandon the male's pattern entirely in favour of one of a large number of ",[19,29,30],{},"mimetic forms",", each closely copying the wing colour, pattern, and even flight style of a different, chemically protected model butterfly, most often a species of ",[24,33,34],{},"Danaus"," (tiger or monarch relatives) or ",[24,37,38],{},"Amauris"," (African crow butterflies). A minority of females, especially in island populations such as Madagascar, instead retain a ",[19,41,42],{},"non-mimetic form"," resembling the male, tails and all.",[10,45,47],{"id":46},"range-and-habitat","Range and habitat",[15,49,50,52,53,56],{},[24,51,26],{}," is one of the most widely distributed swallowtails in Africa, occurring from the savanna woodlands and forest margins of West and Central Africa through East Africa to southern Africa, and on Madagascar and several other Indian Ocean islands. It favours open woodland, forest edges, and cultivated land with citrus trees, and adapts readily to gardens and orchards wherever its ",[24,54,55],{},"Rutaceae"," host plants are available, making it one of the more frequently encountered large swallowtails across much of the continent.",[10,58,60],{"id":59},"feeding-and-behaviour","Feeding and behaviour",[15,62,63],{},"Adults are strong, fairly fast fliers, visiting a wide range of flowering plants for nectar, including cultivated citrus blossom, and males in particular patrol open ground and forest edges in search of females. Mimetic females typically also adopt a slower, more leisurely flight style closer to that of their unpalatable model species, reinforcing the visual deception with behavioural mimicry — predators that have learned to avoid the model's characteristic unhurried flight are less likely to attack a female mocker swallowtail flying in the same manner.",[10,65,67],{"id":66},"reproduction","Reproduction",[15,69,70,71,73,74,77],{},"Females lay eggs singly on the leaves of citrus and related ",[24,72,55],{}," host plants. The species' famous polymorphism is controlled by a single genetic ",[19,75,76],{},"supergene"," — a tightly linked cluster of genes inherited as one unit — that determines which complete mimetic wing pattern, rather than any single trait in isolation, a given female will develop. Decades of breeding experiments through the twentieth century used this system to work out how such a complex, multi-part pattern can be inherited and maintained intact across generations despite ongoing recombination, making the species a foundational case study in the genetics of mimicry.",[10,79,81],{"id":80},"interesting-facts","Interesting facts",[83,84,85,89,92,95],"ul",{},[86,87,88],"li",{},"Some populations carry more than a dozen distinct named female forms, each restricted to the geographic range where its particular model species occurs, so that the \"typical\" female pattern changes markedly from one region of Africa to another.",[86,90,91],{},"The species was studied intensively by the geneticist Cyril Clarke and others from the 1950s onward, whose large-scale breeding programmes helped establish the modern understanding of supergene inheritance in butterflies.",[86,93,94],{},"Madagascar's non-mimetic female form is thought to persist because the island lacks the specific unpalatable model species that drive mimicry on the African mainland, removing the selective pressure that favours mimetic females elsewhere.",[86,96,97],{},"Because its males are so visually uniform across such a huge range while its females vary so dramatically, the species offers an unusually clear illustration of how the sexes within a single species can experience entirely different selective pressures.",{"title":99,"searchDepth":100,"depth":100,"links":101},"",2,[102,103,104,105,106],{"id":12,"depth":100,"text":13},{"id":46,"depth":100,"text":47},{"id":59,"depth":100,"text":60},{"id":66,"depth":100,"text":67},{"id":80,"depth":100,"text":81},"LC","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fparusnik-dardan.png","The Mocker Swallowtail is an African swallowtail famous for females with dozens of forms, each mimicking a different distasteful butterfly.","md","Papilionidae","parusniki",[114,117,120],{"q":115,"a":116},"Why is Papilio dardanus called the mocker swallowtail?","The name refers to its females, which do not resemble the male at all in most populations but instead mimic the colour pattern of a locally common, chemically defended butterfly — usually a species of *Danaus* or *Amauris* — that predators have learned to avoid. Because the model species differs from one region of Africa to another, dozens of distinct female forms exist across the species' range, each one a near-perfect match for whichever unpalatable butterfly shares its particular patch of forest or savanna.",{"q":118,"a":119},"Do all female mocker swallowtails look different from the male?","Not all of them. Populations on Madagascar and some other islands retain a non-mimetic female form that closely resembles the male's own pale yellow-and-black swallowtail pattern, tails included. On the African mainland, however, the vast majority of females adopt one of the mimetic forms, and the genetics controlling which form a given female develops are a long-studied textbook case of a single supergene controlling a complex, multi-part colour pattern as one inherited unit.",{"q":121,"a":122},"Why is this species important to evolutionary biology?","Papilio dardanus is one of the most thoroughly studied examples of Batesian mimicry and female-limited polymorphism in the world, the subject of decades of breeding and genetic research beginning in the mid-twentieth century. Its complex, geographically varying array of mimetic female forms, each tracking a different locally abundant model species, has made it a standard textbook illustration of how natural selection can assemble and maintain an entire coordinated wing pattern as a single switch-like genetic unit.",[124,125,126],"Citrus spp. (Rutaceae)","Toddalia asiatica","Vepris and Teclea spp. (Rutaceae)","Photorealistic macro photography, Papilio dardanus mocker swallowtail male with pale yellow and black tailed wings on a citrus flower, African savanna woodland background, soft dappled light, 16:9",{},true,null,"species","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fparusnik-dardan","23.07.2026",1,[136,139,143,147],{"label":111,"path":137,"description":138},"\u002Fsemeystva\u002Fparusniki","The swallowtail family to which the mocker swallowtail belongs",{"label":140,"path":141,"description":142},"Atlas — Africa","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika","Overview of butterflies across the African continent",{"label":144,"path":145,"description":146},"Mimicry and Camouflage in Butterflies","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fmimikriya-i-maskirovka","How Batesian mimicry, exemplified by this species, protects palatable butterflies from predators",{"label":148,"path":149,"description":150},"Species catalogue","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy","All species in the atlas",[152,155,158],{"label":153,"path":154},"Ulysses Swallowtail","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fparusnik-uliss",{"label":156,"path":157},"Old World Swallowtail","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmahon",{"label":159,"path":160},"Scarce Swallowtail","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpodalirii","Year-round in the tropics (multiple overlapping generations)",{"title":163,"description":164},"Mocker Swallowtail (Papilio dardanus) — Mimicry, Range, Behaviour","Papilio dardanus, the mocker swallowtail: Africa's classic mimicry butterfly, with dozens of female forms copying unrelated distasteful species.",{"loc":132},"vidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fparusnik-dardan",[168,169,170,171],"papilionidae","mimicry","African butterflies","polymorphism","80-110","WJFGifF66Qorh6r2J20F_z9V_po0B_g_ltC-9P6UnLE",[175,181,186,191,197,203,208,214,219,225,231,236,241,246,252,257,262,268,273,278,283,288,293,299,304,309,314,319,324,329,334,339,344,349,354,359,365,370,371,376,381,386,389,395,400,405,410,415,420,426,432,438,443,449,454,459,464,469,474,477,482,487,492,498,503,508,513,518,523,528,533,537,542],{"title":176,"description":177,"path":178,"coverImage":179,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Amanda's Blue","Amanda's blue is a large blue with vivid blue wings. Males are intense blue without orange lunules, unlike most related species.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-amanda","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-amanda.jpg","01.05.2026",{"title":182,"description":183,"path":184,"coverImage":185,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Apollo","The Apollo is a large mountain butterfly with semi-transparent white wings and red \"eyespots.\" A protected species listed in the Red Data Book of Russia.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fapollo","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fapollo.jpg",{"title":187,"description":188,"path":189,"coverImage":190,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Arran Brown","The Arran brown is a dark brown butterfly of forest edges with characteristic eyespots. A typical member of the genus *Erebia*.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fchernushka","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fchernushka.jpg",{"title":192,"description":193,"path":194,"coverImage":195,"publishedAt":196,"order":130},"Bhutan Glory","The Bhutan Glory is a spectacular Himalayan swallowtail with iridescent tails, found in cool forests of Nepal, Bhutan, and northeast India.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbutanitis-lidderdeylya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbutanitis-lidderdeylya.png","25.07.2026",{"title":198,"description":199,"path":200,"coverImage":201,"publishedAt":202,"order":130},"Black Hairstreak","The Black Hairstreak is one of Europe's most localised butterflies, tied to blackthorn in woodland edges. Its short June–July season makes it easy to miss.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fhvostanka-slivovaya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fhvostanka-slivovaya.png","23.06.2026",{"title":204,"description":205,"path":206,"coverImage":207,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Black-veined White","The black-veined white is a large white butterfly with dark wing veins, whose caterpillars overwinter in colonies and strip fruit-tree leaves in spring.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fboyaryshnitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fboyaryshnitsa.jpg",{"title":209,"description":210,"path":211,"coverImage":212,"publishedAt":213,"order":130},"Blue Morpho","The blue morpho is a tropical butterfly with metallic-blue wings up to 130 mm across. Its iridescent sheen comes from nanostructure, not pigment.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmorfo-sinij","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmorfo-sinij.jpg","24.06.2026",{"title":215,"description":216,"path":217,"coverImage":218,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Brimstone","The brimstone is the first butterfly of spring: males bright yellow, females greenish white. It lives longer than most butterflies — up to 13 months.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Flimonnitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Flimonnitsa.jpg",{"title":220,"description":221,"path":222,"coverImage":223,"publishedAt":224,"order":130},"Brown Hairstreak","The Brown Hairstreak is one of Europe's most secretive butterflies, living high in tree canopies. Its eggs on blackthorn twigs reveal it in winter.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzefir-berezovyj","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzefir-berezovyj.png","25.06.2026",{"title":226,"description":227,"path":228,"coverImage":229,"publishedAt":230,"order":130},"Cardinal","The cardinal (Argynnis pandora) is the largest Mediterranean fritillary — its hindwing underside suffused with crimson, giving the species its English name.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-pandora","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-pandora.png","12.08.2026",{"title":232,"description":233,"path":234,"coverImage":235,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Cleopatra","Cleopatra is a large butterfly of southern Russia and the Mediterranean. Males have a bright orange patch on the forewing — the most vivid of the brimstones.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzheltushka-kleopatra","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzheltushka-kleopatra.jpg",{"title":237,"description":238,"path":239,"coverImage":240,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Clouded Apollo","The clouded Apollo is a rare mountain butterfly with white semi-transparent wings and black spots. Listed in Red Data Books of many regions of Russia.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmnemozina","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmnemozina.jpg",{"title":242,"description":243,"path":244,"coverImage":245,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Comma","The comma is a butterfly with uneven, 'ragged' wing margins. On the underside of the hindwings is a white mark shaped like a comma — its second common name.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fugolnitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fugolnitsa.jpg",{"title":247,"description":248,"path":249,"coverImage":250,"publishedAt":251,"order":130},"Common Birdwing","The Common Birdwing is one of the most widespread true birdwings, giant iridescent swallowtails found from South Asia to the western Pacific.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpticekrylka-elena","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpticekrylka-elena.png","20.07.2026",{"title":253,"description":254,"path":255,"coverImage":256,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Common Blue","The common blue is one of the most widespread blues of the temperate zone and Eurasia. Males are intensely blue, females brown. It occurs on any meadow with clover.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-ikarus","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-ikarus.jpg",{"title":258,"description":259,"path":260,"coverImage":261,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Dark Green Fritillary","The dark green fritillary is a meadow butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. The underside of the hindwings is dark green with silvery triangular spots.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-aglaya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-aglaya.jpg",{"title":263,"description":264,"path":265,"coverImage":266,"publishedAt":267,"order":130},"Death's-head Hawkmoth","The death's-head hawkmoth is a dramatic sphingid with a skull-like thorax pattern, powerful flight, and a squeak when disturbed — a regular migrant to Europe.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmertvaya-golova","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmertvaya-golova.png","12.06.2026",{"title":269,"description":270,"path":271,"coverImage":272,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Dryad","The dryad is a large dark butterfly of the browns with bluish eyespots, living in floodplain forests and reed beds across Eurasia.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsatir-driad","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsatir-driad.jpg",{"title":274,"description":275,"path":276,"coverImage":277,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"False Heath Fritillary","The false heath fritillary is a small meadow butterfly with a checkered pattern. It inhabits damp meadows with valerian — the main caterpillar host plant.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fshashechnitsa-diktinna","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fshashechnitsa-diktinna.jpg",{"title":279,"description":280,"path":281,"coverImage":282,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Glanville Fritillary","The Glanville fritillary is a small butterfly with a checkered pattern of reddish and black patches — a classic subject of population ecology research.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fshashechnitsa-cinxia","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fshashechnitsa-cinxia.jpg",{"title":284,"description":285,"path":286,"coverImage":287,"publishedAt":213,"order":130},"Glasswing Butterfly","The glasswing butterfly Greta oto is a nymphalid with transparent wings lacking scales in the center — a master of camouflage in Central American forests.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsteklyannaya-babochka","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsteklyannaya-babochka.jpg",{"title":289,"description":290,"path":291,"coverImage":292,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Grayling","The grayling is a large brown of rocky and sandy places. A master of camouflage: on stone or bark it is almost invisible.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsatir-semele","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsatir-semele.jpg",{"title":294,"description":295,"path":296,"coverImage":297,"publishedAt":298,"order":130},"Great Peacock Moth","The great peacock moth is Europe's largest nocturnal moth — a saturniid with a wingspan up to 15 cm, striking eyespots, and antennae detecting females afar.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbolshoj-pavlinij-glaz","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbolshoj-pavlinij-glaz.png","29.05.2026",{"title":300,"description":301,"path":302,"coverImage":303,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Green Hairstreak","The green hairstreak is a small blue with bright emerald-green undersides. Widespread in Europe and Asia, it lives on edges and rough ground.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbronzovka","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbronzovka.jpg",{"title":305,"description":306,"path":307,"coverImage":308,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Green-underside Blue","The green-underside blue is a small spring blue. The underside of the hindwings is bright green with white-ringed spots, making it easy to identify.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-aleksis","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-aleksis.jpg",{"title":310,"description":311,"path":312,"coverImage":313,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Green-veined White","The green-veined white is a small white with characteristic green veins on the underside of the hindwings. The most common of the three \"garden whites.\"","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbryukvennitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbryukvennitsa.jpg",{"title":315,"description":316,"path":317,"coverImage":318,"publishedAt":213,"order":130},"Heliconius Melpomene","Heliconius melpomene is a tropical nymphalid with red-and-black wings, a classic example of Müllerian mimicry, inhabiting Central and South American forests.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgelikoniya-melpomena","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgelikoniya-melpomena.jpg",{"title":320,"description":321,"path":322,"coverImage":323,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Hercules Grayling","The Hercules grayling is a large mountain brown. It is close to the grayling but larger and lives in more rocky, mountainous landscapes.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsatir-gerkules","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsatir-gerkules.jpg",{"title":325,"description":326,"path":327,"coverImage":328,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"High Brown Fritillary","The high brown fritillary is a large meadow and woodland butterfly. The underside of the hindwings is green with silvery spots and reddish strokes.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-adippe","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-adippe.jpg",{"title":330,"description":331,"path":332,"coverImage":333,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Large Blue","The large blue is a big blue butterfly with an unusual life cycle: the caterpillar parasitizes colonies of red ants. A protected species.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-arion","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-arion.jpg",{"title":335,"description":336,"path":337,"coverImage":338,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Large Tortoiseshell","The large tortoiseshell is a nymphalid with tawny brown, variegated wings, resembling the small tortoiseshell but bigger, with different host plants.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmnogotsvetnitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmnogotsvetnitsa.jpg",{"title":340,"description":341,"path":342,"coverImage":343,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Large White","The large white is the commonest white butterfly in gardens, whose caterpillars eat cabbage. Larger than the small white, with dark wing spots.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fkapustnitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fkapustnitsa.jpg",{"title":345,"description":346,"path":347,"coverImage":348,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Lesser Purple Emperor","The lesser purple emperor is a close relative of the purple emperor. It is smaller, with a warmer reddish tint and a larger orange 'eyespot' on the hindwings.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperelivnitsa-iliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperelivnitsa-iliya.jpg",{"title":350,"description":351,"path":352,"coverImage":353,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Marbled Fritillary","The marbled fritillary (*Brenthis ino*) is a small fritillary of wet meadows. The underside of the hindwings is mottled yellow-violet with pearly spots.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbrenthis-ino","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbrenthis-ino.jpg",{"title":355,"description":356,"path":357,"coverImage":358,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Marbled White","The marbled white is a large black-and-white butterfly. Its bold contrast makes it one of Europe's most recognizable species.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbarkhatnitsa-galatea","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbarkhatnitsa-galatea.jpg",{"title":360,"description":361,"path":362,"coverImage":363,"publishedAt":364,"order":130},"Meadow Brown","The meadow brown is the commonest butterfly in Britain and one of Europe's most abundant, with a distinctive forewing eyespot.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fvolovij-glaz","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fvolovij-glaz.png","21.06.2026",{"title":366,"description":367,"path":368,"coverImage":369,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Meleager's Blue","Meleager's blue is a large, handsome blue. Males are bright blue with a broad dark border; the underside of the wings has a characteristic white streak.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-dafnis","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-dafnis.jpg",{"title":5,"description":109,"path":132,"coverImage":108,"publishedAt":133,"order":130},{"title":372,"description":373,"path":374,"coverImage":375,"publishedAt":213,"order":130},"Monarch","The monarch is the world's most famous migratory butterfly, covering up to 4,500 km per season, with orange wings marked by black veins and white spots.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmonarh","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmonarh.jpg",{"title":377,"description":378,"path":379,"coverImage":380,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Mourning Cloak","The mourning cloak is a large butterfly with dark chocolate wings bordered by a yellow band and blue spots — one of Europe's longest-lived butterflies.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Ftraurnitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Ftraurnitsa.jpg",{"title":382,"description":383,"path":384,"coverImage":385,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Nickerl's Fritillary","Nickerl's fritillary is a small butterfly with the typical checkered nymphalid pattern, occurring on dry meadows with plantain in European Russia.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fshashechnitsa-aurelia","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fshashechnitsa-aurelia.jpg",{"title":156,"description":387,"path":157,"coverImage":388,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"The Old World swallowtail is a large, recognizable swallowtail of the temperate zone: yellow wings, black pattern, and bright 'tails' on the hindwings.","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmahon.jpg",{"title":390,"description":391,"path":392,"coverImage":393,"publishedAt":394,"order":130},"Oleander Hawkmoth","The oleander hawkmoth is a tropical sphingid, apple-green with pink bands, hovering at dusk over oleander. A Mediterranean resident, rare vagrant to Europe.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbraznik-oleandrovy","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbraznik-oleandrovy.png","09.06.2026",{"title":396,"description":397,"path":398,"coverImage":399,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Orange Tip","The orange tip is an early-spring white with an orange patch on the male's forewing. One of the first pierids to appear after snow melt.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzoryanka","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzoryanka.jpg",{"title":401,"description":402,"path":403,"coverImage":404,"publishedAt":213,"order":130},"Owl Butterfly","The owl butterfly Caligo memnon is a crepuscular nymphalid with large 'owl eyes' on its wing undersides, wingspan to 150 mm, in Central and South America.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsovinnaya-babochka","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsovinnaya-babochka.jpg",{"title":406,"description":407,"path":408,"coverImage":409,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Painted Lady","The painted lady is one of the longest-distance migrants among butterflies. Each year it travels thousands of kilometres from Africa into Europe and temperate Eurasia across its range.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Frepeynitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Frepeynitsa.jpg",{"title":411,"description":412,"path":413,"coverImage":414,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Pale Clouded Yellow","The pale clouded yellow is a yellow or whitish pierid. Males are lemon yellow, females often white. It lives on meadows with clover.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzheltushka-lugovaya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzheltushka-lugovaya.jpg",{"title":416,"description":417,"path":418,"coverImage":419,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Peacock","The peacock is one of the most beautiful temperate-zone butterflies. Four large wing 'eyes' mimic a predator's gaze, protecting it from birds.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpavliniy-glaz","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpavliniy-glaz.jpg",{"title":421,"description":422,"path":423,"coverImage":424,"publishedAt":425,"order":130},"Pearl Heath","The pearl heath (Coenonympha arcania) is a small satyr butterfly of Central and Southern Europe, with a white postdiscal stripe and silver-ringed eyespots.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsennitsa-arkaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsennitsa-arkaniya.png","04.08.2026",{"title":427,"description":428,"path":429,"coverImage":430,"publishedAt":431,"order":130},"Peleides Blue Morpho","The Peleides blue morpho is one of the largest, brightest butterflies alive — its iridescent blue wings, up to 20 cm, come from light-scattering nanostructures.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmorfo-peleid","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmorfo-peleid.png","10.08.2026",{"title":433,"description":434,"path":435,"coverImage":436,"publishedAt":437,"order":130},"Plain Tiger","The Plain Tiger (Danaus chrysippus) is among the world's most widely distributed butterflies, ranging from Africa to South Asia and Australia.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fdanajida-hrizipp","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fdanajida-hrizipp.png","16.06.2026",{"title":439,"description":440,"path":441,"coverImage":442,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Poplar Admiral","The poplar admiral is a large forest butterfly with dark wings and a white band. Males aggressively defend territory in tree crowns.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Flentochnik-topolevyi","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Flentochnik-topolevyi.jpg",{"title":444,"description":445,"path":446,"coverImage":447,"publishedAt":448,"order":130},"Priam's Birdwing","Priam's Birdwing is one of the largest, most spectacular butterflies. Males show iridescent green and black wings; larger females are brown and yellow.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpticekrylka-priam","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpticekrylka-priam.png","05.06.2026",{"title":450,"description":451,"path":452,"coverImage":453,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Purple Emperor","The purple emperor is one of the most beautiful butterflies in Europe. The male's wings shimmer with violet-blue iridescence in certain light.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperelivnitsa-iris","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperelivnitsa-iris.jpg",{"title":455,"description":456,"path":457,"coverImage":458,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Purple Hairstreak","The purple hairstreak is a small lycaenid with emerald-green undersides, living in oak woodland across Europe, most active high in the canopy.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzefir-dubovyi","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzefir-dubovyi.jpg",{"title":460,"description":461,"path":462,"coverImage":463,"publishedAt":213,"order":130},"Queen Alexandra's Birdwing","Queen Alexandra's birdwing is the world's largest day-flying butterfly, female wingspan up to 280 mm. Lives only in Papua New Guinea; endangered.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpticekrylka-aleksandry","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpticekrylka-aleksandry.jpg",{"title":465,"description":466,"path":467,"coverImage":468,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Queen of Spain Fritillary","The queen of Spain fritillary is a small butterfly with numerous silvery spots on the hindwing underside, occurring from lowlands to mountains.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-malaya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-malaya.jpg",{"title":470,"description":471,"path":472,"coverImage":473,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Red Admiral","The red admiral is a migratory butterfly with dark brown wings and a scarlet band. Each summer it migrates into temperate Eurasia, reaching the northern part of its range from the Mediterranean.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fadmiral","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fadmiral.jpg",{"title":159,"description":475,"path":160,"coverImage":476,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"The scarce swallowtail is a large swallowtail with cream-yellow wings and characteristic dark stripes. It is conspicuous in May in fruit orchards.","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpodalirii.jpg",{"title":478,"description":479,"path":480,"coverImage":481,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Silver-washed Fritillary","The silver-washed fritillary is a large woodland butterfly with orange wings. The underside of the hindwings shimmers with silvery pearl-like spots.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-bolshaya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-bolshaya.jpg",{"title":483,"description":484,"path":485,"coverImage":486,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Small Apollo","The small Apollo is a mountain Papilio with white wings similar to the Apollo but smaller. It lives in high mountains of the Altai, Siberia, and Central Asia.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Ffeby","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Ffeby.jpg",{"title":488,"description":489,"path":490,"coverImage":491,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Small Blue","The small blue is the smallest blue in Europe, with inconspicuous gray wings in both sexes; it lives on poor dry meadows with vetch.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fkupidok","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fkupidok.jpg",{"title":493,"description":494,"path":495,"coverImage":496,"publishedAt":497,"order":130},"Small Copper","The small copper is one of Europe's most vivid small butterflies — fiery orange-copper forewings flash in sun across meadows and heathlands worldwide.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fchervonet-ognennyj","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fchervonet-ognennyj.png","19.06.2026",{"title":499,"description":500,"path":501,"coverImage":502,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Small Heath","The small heath is a small reddish-brown butterfly of open meadows. It is one of the most abundant browns and occurs almost everywhere.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsennitsa-obyknovennaya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsennitsa-obyknovennaya.jpg",{"title":504,"description":505,"path":506,"coverImage":507,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary","The small pearl-bordered fritillary is a small fritillary of wet meadows, with clear white and rusty spots in a pattern on the hindwing underside.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fboloria-selene","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fboloria-selene.jpg",{"title":509,"description":510,"path":511,"coverImage":512,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Small Tortoiseshell","The small tortoiseshell is one of the most common day-flying butterflies of the temperate zone, with bright orange wings, black spots, and blue marginal 'eyes'.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fkrapivnitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fkrapivnitsa.jpg",{"title":514,"description":515,"path":516,"coverImage":517,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Small White","The small white is a small white butterfly similar to the large white, whose caterpillars feed on cabbage — the most common garden pest among the whites.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Frepnitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Frepnitsa.jpg",{"title":519,"description":520,"path":521,"coverImage":522,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Southern Festoon","The southern festoon is an early-spring butterfly of southern Russia with cream wings and red spots — one of the first swallowtails to fly each year.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpolyksena","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpolyksena.jpg",{"title":524,"description":525,"path":526,"coverImage":527,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Southern Swallowtail","The southern swallowtail is a rare Papilio with yellow-and-black wings, living in mountain areas of the Caucasus and Crimea, very seldom seen.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Falexanor","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Falexanor.jpg",{"title":529,"description":530,"path":531,"coverImage":532,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"Speckled Wood","The speckled wood is a mottled orange-brown butterfly of shady woods, preferring partial shade and damp forest paths across much of Europe.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbarkhatnitsa-egeriya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbarkhatnitsa-egeriya.jpg",{"title":153,"description":534,"path":154,"coverImage":535,"publishedAt":536,"order":130},"The Ulysses Swallowtail is a large rainforest swallowtail whose iridescent electric-blue wings flash through the canopy of Queensland and New Guinea.","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fparusnik-uliss.png","02.06.2026",{"title":538,"description":539,"path":540,"coverImage":541,"publishedAt":180,"order":130},"White Admiral","The white admiral is an elegant forest butterfly with dark brown wings and a broad white band. It flies in deciduous woods with honeysuckle.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbelolentochnik-kamilla","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbelolentochnik-kamilla.jpg",{"title":543,"description":544,"path":545,"coverImage":546,"publishedAt":547,"order":130},"Woodland Ringlet","The woodland ringlet (Erebia medusa) is a satyr butterfly of damp meadows across central Europe, with chocolate-brown wings and orange-ringed eyespots.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Ferebiya-meduza","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Ferebiya-meduza.png","27.07.2026",[],[550,552,554],{"label":153,"path":154,"coverImage":535,"latinName":551},"Papilio ulysses",{"label":156,"path":157,"coverImage":388,"latinName":553},"Papilio machaon",{"label":159,"path":160,"coverImage":476,"latinName":555},"Iphiclides podalirius",[557,559,561],{"label":111,"path":137,"description":138,"coverImage":558,"latinName":111},"\u002Fimages\u002Fsemeystva\u002Fparusniki.png",{"label":140,"path":141,"description":142,"coverImage":560,"latinName":130},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika.png",{"label":144,"path":145,"description":146,"coverImage":562,"latinName":130},"\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fmimikriya-i-maskirovka.png",[564,569,574,580,586],{"title":565,"description":566,"path":567,"coverImage":568,"publishedAt":180,"order":134},"Day-flying butterflies","Day-flying butterflies are the most conspicuous Lepidoptera: they fly in sunlight, have club-shaped antennae, and often bright colouration.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fdnevnye-babochki","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fdnevnye-babochki.jpg",{"title":570,"description":571,"path":572,"coverImage":573,"publishedAt":180,"order":100},"Nocturnal butterflies and moths","Nocturnal butterflies and moths are a diverse group of Lepidoptera active at dusk and night. There are far more species than among day-flying butterflies.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fnochanye-babochki-i-motylki","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fnochanye-babochki-i-motylki.jpg",{"title":575,"description":576,"path":577,"coverImage":578,"publishedAt":180,"order":579},"Large butterflies","Large butterflies impress with wingspan: from the familiar swallowtail to giant birdwings with wings wider than 25 centimetres.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fkrupnye-babochki","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fkrupnye-babochki.jpg",3,{"title":581,"description":582,"path":583,"coverImage":584,"publishedAt":180,"order":585},"Rare butterflies","Rare butterflies — threatened species: Apollo, clouded Apollo, large blue, and other declining Lepidoptera.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fredkie-babochki","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fredkie-babochki.jpg",4,{"title":587,"description":588,"path":589,"coverImage":590,"publishedAt":180,"order":591},"How to identify a butterfly species","Step-by-step guide to identifying a butterfly: size, colour, wing shape, antennae, place and time of encounter. Methods without capture and using photographs.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fkak-opredelit-vid-babochki","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fkak-opredelit-vid-babochki.jpg",5,1787125901834]