[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":639},["ShallowReactive",2],{"species_en:\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgelikoniya-melpomena":3,"alt-locale:species_en:\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgelikoniya-melpomena":182,"section-listing:species_en:\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy":223,"section-listing:disabled":597,"related-covers:en:\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsteklyannaya-babochka|\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsovinnaya-babochka|\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmonarh":598,"related-covers:en:\u002Fsemeystva\u002Fnimfalidy|\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika|\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy":605,"section-listing:species_en:\u002Fvidy-babochek":610},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"conservationStatus":162,"coverImage":163,"description":164,"extension":165,"family":166,"familySlug":167,"faq":168,"hostPlants":178,"imagePrompt":180,"latinName":20,"meta":181,"navigation":182,"order":183,"pageType":184,"path":185,"publishedAt":186,"readingMinutes":187,"relatedLinks":188,"relatedSpecies":200,"season":210,"seo":211,"sitemap":214,"stem":215,"tags":216,"updatedAt":183,"wingspanMm":221,"__hash__":222},"species_en\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgelikoniya-melpomena.md","Heliconius Melpomene",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":150},"minimark",[9,14,22,34,38,41,45,55,58,62,75,78,82,89,96,100,103,106,110,123,127],[10,11,13],"h2",{"id":12},"appearance","Appearance",[15,16,17,21],"p",{},[18,19,20],"strong",{},"Heliconius melpomene",", or the \"postman butterfly,\" is a medium-sized nymphalid (52–65 mm) with elongated narrow forewings. The basic pattern is black with a vivid red transverse band on the forewing and a yellow patch at the base of the hindwing. However, the exact pattern varies: the species has more than 30 geographic races with their own designs.",[15,23,24,25,29,30,33],{},"The name \"postman\" comes from the characteristic red-and-black \"stripes\" — like an old postal uniform. The pattern of ",[26,27,28],"em",{},"H. melpomene"," is virtually indistinguishable from that of a completely different species — ",[26,31,32],{},"Heliconius erato"," — with which it forms the classic Müllerian mimicry pair.",[10,35,37],{"id":36},"range","Range",[15,39,40],{},"The species inhabits tropical and subtropical forests from Mexico to Bolivia and southern Brazil. It is most common in Amazonia, Costa Rica, Colombia, and Ecuador. It stays mainly in the understory and at the edges of humid forest, where passionflowers grow.",[10,42,44],{"id":43},"pollen-feeding-a-unique-heliconius-trait","Pollen feeding — a unique Heliconius trait",[15,46,47,48,50,51,54],{},"Most butterflies feed on nectar, which provides carbohydrates but is poor in protein. ",[26,49,20],{}," has evolutionarily mastered ",[18,52,53],{},"pollen feeding",": the butterfly actively visits flowers of certain plants (mainly cucurbits and others), places pollen on its coiled proboscis and moistens it with nectar, forming a \"pollen ball.\" From this, amino acids are gradually released, which the butterfly absorbs.",[15,56,57],{},"Pollen provides the female with proteins for continuous egg production. A female Heliconius lays 1–5 eggs per day throughout her life — this contrasts sharply with most butterflies, which lay all their eggs over a few days.",[10,59,61],{"id":60},"müllerian-mimicry","Müllerian mimicry",[15,63,64,66,67,70,71,74],{},[26,65,28],{}," and ",[26,68,69],{},"H. erato"," are \"doubles\" not because of common ancestry but due to ",[18,72,73],{},"parallel evolution",": both species independently developed similar patterns in each region. In Costa Rica both are red-and-black, in Ecuador — with yellow stripes, in Peru — differently. This \"geographic parallelism\" of patterns is considered one of the most compelling pieces of evidence for natural selection.",[15,76,77],{},"The mutual benefit of the scheme: if a bird has tasted one poisonous \"postman,\" it memorizes the pattern and avoids both species. The more poisonous butterflies with the same pattern, the faster the predator learns.",[10,79,81],{"id":80},"life-cycle","Life cycle",[15,83,84,85,88],{},"The female lays eggs singly on young shoots and tendrils of passionflowers (",[26,86,87],{},"Passiflora","). The caterpillar is white with rows of black spines. The host plant is toxic — the caterpillar accumulates cyanogenic glycosides providing chemical defence. The chrysalis is angular, with spines and spots, mimicking a dry leaf. The complete cycle takes about 3 weeks to adult emergence.",[15,90,91,92,95],{},"The adult is long-lived: up to ",[18,93,94],{},"6–9 months"," — a record among non-tropical nymphalids. Longevity is sustained by protein nutrition from pollen.",[10,97,99],{"id":98},"behaviour","Behaviour",[15,101,102],{},"Heliconius engage in communal roosting: several individuals (sometimes several dozen) gather on a single branch every night, returning to the same spot repeatedly. This facilitates mate-finding and reduces the risk of nocturnal predation — a group is more conspicuous than a solitary individual.",[15,104,105],{},"Each individual's foraging routes are personal and fixed: the butterfly visits the same flowers in the same sequence every day — a phenomenon called \"trapline foraging.\"",[10,107,109],{"id":108},"significance-for-science","Significance for science",[15,111,112,113,115,116,119,120,122],{},"Heliconius are the primary model organism for studying speciation and mimicry. The genome of ",[26,114,28],{}," was fully sequenced in 2012; the key gene ",[26,117,118],{},"optix"," controlling the red elements of the pattern was identified. Manipulations with ",[26,121,118],{}," allow \"redrawing\" of the wing pattern, confirming the genetic basis of mimicry complexes.",[10,124,126],{"id":125},"interesting-facts","Interesting facts",[128,129,130,136,139,142],"ul",{},[131,132,133,135],"li",{},[26,134,20],{}," is one of the few butterfly species with a fully sequenced genome.",[131,137,138],{},"Bees and Heliconius independently evolved pollen feeding — convergent evolution at different levels of Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera.",[131,140,141],{},"Male Heliconius can mate with a female still inside the chrysalis before she emerges — the phenomenon of \"pupal mating,\" found in several tropical nymphalids.",[131,143,144,145,149],{},"Together with ",[146,147,32],"a",{"href":148},"\u002Fen\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgelikoniya-erato"," the melpomene \u002F erato pair is the \"icon\" of mimicry in biology textbooks worldwide.",{"title":151,"searchDepth":152,"depth":152,"links":153},"",2,[154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161],{"id":12,"depth":152,"text":13},{"id":36,"depth":152,"text":37},{"id":43,"depth":152,"text":44},{"id":60,"depth":152,"text":61},{"id":80,"depth":152,"text":81},{"id":98,"depth":152,"text":99},{"id":108,"depth":152,"text":109},{"id":125,"depth":152,"text":126},"LC","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgelikoniya-melpomena.jpg","Heliconius melpomene is a tropical nymphalid with red-and-black wings, a classic example of Müllerian mimicry, inhabiting Central and South American forests.","md","Nymphalidae","nimfalidy",[169,172,175],{"q":170,"a":171},"What is Müllerian mimicry and what does Heliconius have to do with it?","Müllerian mimicry is the mutual copying of appearance by two or more poisonous species. Heliconius melpomene and Heliconius erato independently evolved similar red-and-black coloration. Predators need only one encounter with either species to memorize the warning pattern — both species benefit.",{"q":173,"a":174},"Why do Heliconius live longer than other butterflies?","Heliconius melpomene feeds on flower pollen as well as nectar. Pollen is rich in amino acids and proteins needed for egg synthesis. This allows the female to lay eggs continuously over several months — unusually long for a butterfly. Adults live up to 6–9 months.",{"q":176,"a":177},"Why do geneticists study Heliconius?","Heliconius melpomene has more than 30 geographic races with different wing patterns. Transitions between races are studied as a model of speciation by hybridization. The Heliconius genome is fully sequenced; the species has become one of the main model organisms for evolutionary biology.",[179],"Passionflower (Passiflora spp.)","Photorealistic macro photography, Heliconius melpomene postman butterfly with wings spread on pink Passiflora flower, black wings with vivid red band on forewing and yellow stripe on hindwing, Amazon rainforest background, natural diffuse light, 16:9",{},true,null,"species","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgelikoniya-melpomena","24.06.2026",1,[189,192,196],{"label":166,"path":190,"description":191},"\u002Fsemeystva\u002Fnimfalidy","The family to which Heliconius belongs",{"label":193,"path":194,"description":195},"Atlas — South America","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika","Butterflies of South America",{"label":197,"path":198,"description":199},"Species catalogue","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy","All species in the atlas",[201,204,207],{"label":202,"path":203},"Glasswing Butterfly","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsteklyannaya-babochka",{"label":205,"path":206},"Owl Butterfly","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsovinnaya-babochka",{"label":208,"path":209},"Monarch","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmonarh","Year-round",{"title":212,"description":213},"Heliconius Melpomene — Mimicry and Longevity","Heliconius melpomene: red-and-black butterfly of Amazonia, Müllerian mimicry with H. erato, pollen feeding, lifespan up to 9 months. Key species of evolutionary biology.",{"loc":185},"vidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgelikoniya-melpomena",[217,218,219,220],"nymphalidae","tropical butterflies","South America","mimicry","52-65","_XJAfgtD5-1_QlR3jIQLNiF8dcPIeeSLzbEup0DvZr4",[224,230,235,240,246,252,257,262,267,273,279,284,289,294,300,305,310,316,321,326,331,334,339,345,350,355,360,361,366,371,376,381,386,391,396,401,407,412,418,421,426,431,436,442,447,450,455,460,465,471,477,483,488,494,499,504,509,514,519,524,529,534,539,545,550,555,560,565,570,575,580,586,591],{"title":225,"description":226,"path":227,"coverImage":228,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Amanda's Blue","Amanda's blue is a large blue with vivid blue wings. Males are intense blue without orange lunules, unlike most related species.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-amanda","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-amanda.jpg","01.05.2026",{"title":231,"description":232,"path":233,"coverImage":234,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Apollo","The Apollo is a large mountain butterfly with semi-transparent white wings and red \"eyespots.\" A protected species listed in the Red Data Book of Russia.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fapollo","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fapollo.jpg",{"title":236,"description":237,"path":238,"coverImage":239,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Arran Brown","The Arran brown is a dark brown butterfly of forest edges with characteristic eyespots. A typical member of the genus *Erebia*.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fchernushka","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fchernushka.jpg",{"title":241,"description":242,"path":243,"coverImage":244,"publishedAt":245,"order":183},"Bhutan Glory","The Bhutan Glory is a spectacular Himalayan swallowtail with iridescent tails, found in cool forests of Nepal, Bhutan, and northeast India.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbutanitis-lidderdeylya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbutanitis-lidderdeylya.png","25.07.2026",{"title":247,"description":248,"path":249,"coverImage":250,"publishedAt":251,"order":183},"Black Hairstreak","The Black Hairstreak is one of Europe's most localised butterflies, tied to blackthorn in woodland edges. Its short June–July season makes it easy to miss.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fhvostanka-slivovaya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fhvostanka-slivovaya.png","23.06.2026",{"title":253,"description":254,"path":255,"coverImage":256,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Black-veined White","The black-veined white is a large white butterfly with dark wing veins, whose caterpillars overwinter in colonies and strip fruit-tree leaves in spring.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fboyaryshnitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fboyaryshnitsa.jpg",{"title":258,"description":259,"path":260,"coverImage":261,"publishedAt":186,"order":183},"Blue Morpho","The blue morpho is a tropical butterfly with metallic-blue wings up to 130 mm across. Its iridescent sheen comes from nanostructure, not pigment.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmorfo-sinij","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmorfo-sinij.jpg",{"title":263,"description":264,"path":265,"coverImage":266,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Brimstone","The brimstone is the first butterfly of spring: males bright yellow, females greenish white. It lives longer than most butterflies — up to 13 months.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Flimonnitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Flimonnitsa.jpg",{"title":268,"description":269,"path":270,"coverImage":271,"publishedAt":272,"order":183},"Brown Hairstreak","The Brown Hairstreak is one of Europe's most secretive butterflies, living high in tree canopies. Its eggs on blackthorn twigs reveal it in winter.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzefir-berezovyj","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzefir-berezovyj.png","25.06.2026",{"title":274,"description":275,"path":276,"coverImage":277,"publishedAt":278,"order":183},"Cardinal","The cardinal (Argynnis pandora) is the largest Mediterranean fritillary — its hindwing underside suffused with crimson, giving the species its English name.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-pandora","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-pandora.png","12.08.2026",{"title":280,"description":281,"path":282,"coverImage":283,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Cleopatra","Cleopatra is a large butterfly of southern Russia and the Mediterranean. Males have a bright orange patch on the forewing — the most vivid of the brimstones.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzheltushka-kleopatra","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzheltushka-kleopatra.jpg",{"title":285,"description":286,"path":287,"coverImage":288,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Clouded Apollo","The clouded Apollo is a rare mountain butterfly with white semi-transparent wings and black spots. Listed in Red Data Books of many regions of Russia.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmnemozina","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmnemozina.jpg",{"title":290,"description":291,"path":292,"coverImage":293,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Comma","The comma is a butterfly with uneven, 'ragged' wing margins. On the underside of the hindwings is a white mark shaped like a comma — its second common name.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fugolnitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fugolnitsa.jpg",{"title":295,"description":296,"path":297,"coverImage":298,"publishedAt":299,"order":183},"Common Birdwing","The Common Birdwing is one of the most widespread true birdwings, giant iridescent swallowtails found from South Asia to the western Pacific.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpticekrylka-elena","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpticekrylka-elena.png","20.07.2026",{"title":301,"description":302,"path":303,"coverImage":304,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Common Blue","The common blue is one of the most widespread blues of the temperate zone and Eurasia. Males are intensely blue, females brown. It occurs on any meadow with clover.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-ikarus","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-ikarus.jpg",{"title":306,"description":307,"path":308,"coverImage":309,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Dark Green Fritillary","The dark green fritillary is a meadow butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. The underside of the hindwings is dark green with silvery triangular spots.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-aglaya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-aglaya.jpg",{"title":311,"description":312,"path":313,"coverImage":314,"publishedAt":315,"order":183},"Death's-head Hawkmoth","The death's-head hawkmoth is a dramatic sphingid with a skull-like thorax pattern, powerful flight, and a squeak when disturbed — a regular migrant to Europe.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmertvaya-golova","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmertvaya-golova.png","12.06.2026",{"title":317,"description":318,"path":319,"coverImage":320,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Dryad","The dryad is a large dark butterfly of the browns with bluish eyespots, living in floodplain forests and reed beds across Eurasia.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsatir-driad","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsatir-driad.jpg",{"title":322,"description":323,"path":324,"coverImage":325,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"False Heath Fritillary","The false heath fritillary is a small meadow butterfly with a checkered pattern. It inhabits damp meadows with valerian — the main caterpillar host plant.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fshashechnitsa-diktinna","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fshashechnitsa-diktinna.jpg",{"title":327,"description":328,"path":329,"coverImage":330,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Glanville Fritillary","The Glanville fritillary is a small butterfly with a checkered pattern of reddish and black patches — a classic subject of population ecology research.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fshashechnitsa-cinxia","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fshashechnitsa-cinxia.jpg",{"title":202,"description":332,"path":203,"coverImage":333,"publishedAt":186,"order":183},"The glasswing butterfly Greta oto is a nymphalid with transparent wings lacking scales in the center — a master of camouflage in Central American forests.","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsteklyannaya-babochka.jpg",{"title":335,"description":336,"path":337,"coverImage":338,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Grayling","The grayling is a large brown of rocky and sandy places. A master of camouflage: on stone or bark it is almost invisible.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsatir-semele","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsatir-semele.jpg",{"title":340,"description":341,"path":342,"coverImage":343,"publishedAt":344,"order":183},"Great Peacock Moth","The great peacock moth is Europe's largest nocturnal moth — a saturniid with a wingspan up to 15 cm, striking eyespots, and antennae detecting females afar.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbolshoj-pavlinij-glaz","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbolshoj-pavlinij-glaz.png","29.05.2026",{"title":346,"description":347,"path":348,"coverImage":349,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Green Hairstreak","The green hairstreak is a small blue with bright emerald-green undersides. Widespread in Europe and Asia, it lives on edges and rough ground.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbronzovka","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbronzovka.jpg",{"title":351,"description":352,"path":353,"coverImage":354,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Green-underside Blue","The green-underside blue is a small spring blue. The underside of the hindwings is bright green with white-ringed spots, making it easy to identify.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-aleksis","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-aleksis.jpg",{"title":356,"description":357,"path":358,"coverImage":359,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Green-veined White","The green-veined white is a small white with characteristic green veins on the underside of the hindwings. The most common of the three \"garden whites.\"","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbryukvennitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbryukvennitsa.jpg",{"title":5,"description":164,"path":185,"coverImage":163,"publishedAt":186,"order":183},{"title":362,"description":363,"path":364,"coverImage":365,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Hercules Grayling","The Hercules grayling is a large mountain brown. It is close to the grayling but larger and lives in more rocky, mountainous landscapes.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsatir-gerkules","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsatir-gerkules.jpg",{"title":367,"description":368,"path":369,"coverImage":370,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"High Brown Fritillary","The high brown fritillary is a large meadow and woodland butterfly. The underside of the hindwings is green with silvery spots and reddish strokes.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-adippe","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-adippe.jpg",{"title":372,"description":373,"path":374,"coverImage":375,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Large Blue","The large blue is a big blue butterfly with an unusual life cycle: the caterpillar parasitizes colonies of red ants. A protected species.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-arion","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-arion.jpg",{"title":377,"description":378,"path":379,"coverImage":380,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Large Tortoiseshell","The large tortoiseshell is a nymphalid with tawny brown, variegated wings, resembling the small tortoiseshell but bigger, with different host plants.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmnogotsvetnitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmnogotsvetnitsa.jpg",{"title":382,"description":383,"path":384,"coverImage":385,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Large White","The large white is the commonest white butterfly in gardens, whose caterpillars eat cabbage. Larger than the small white, with dark wing spots.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fkapustnitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fkapustnitsa.jpg",{"title":387,"description":388,"path":389,"coverImage":390,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Lesser Purple Emperor","The lesser purple emperor is a close relative of the purple emperor. It is smaller, with a warmer reddish tint and a larger orange 'eyespot' on the hindwings.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperelivnitsa-iliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperelivnitsa-iliya.jpg",{"title":392,"description":393,"path":394,"coverImage":395,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Marbled Fritillary","The marbled fritillary (*Brenthis ino*) is a small fritillary of wet meadows. The underside of the hindwings is mottled yellow-violet with pearly spots.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbrenthis-ino","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbrenthis-ino.jpg",{"title":397,"description":398,"path":399,"coverImage":400,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Marbled White","The marbled white is a large black-and-white butterfly. Its bold contrast makes it one of Europe's most recognizable species.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbarkhatnitsa-galatea","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbarkhatnitsa-galatea.jpg",{"title":402,"description":403,"path":404,"coverImage":405,"publishedAt":406,"order":183},"Meadow Brown","The meadow brown is the commonest butterfly in Britain and one of Europe's most abundant, with a distinctive forewing eyespot.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fvolovij-glaz","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fvolovij-glaz.png","21.06.2026",{"title":408,"description":409,"path":410,"coverImage":411,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Meleager's Blue","Meleager's blue is a large, handsome blue. Males are bright blue with a broad dark border; the underside of the wings has a characteristic white streak.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-dafnis","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fgolubyanka-dafnis.jpg",{"title":413,"description":414,"path":415,"coverImage":416,"publishedAt":417,"order":183},"Mocker Swallowtail","The Mocker Swallowtail is an African swallowtail famous for females with dozens of forms, each mimicking a different distasteful butterfly.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fparusnik-dardan","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fparusnik-dardan.png","23.07.2026",{"title":208,"description":419,"path":209,"coverImage":420,"publishedAt":186,"order":183},"The monarch is the world's most famous migratory butterfly, covering up to 4,500 km per season, with orange wings marked by black veins and white spots.","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmonarh.jpg",{"title":422,"description":423,"path":424,"coverImage":425,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Mourning Cloak","The mourning cloak is a large butterfly with dark chocolate wings bordered by a yellow band and blue spots — one of Europe's longest-lived butterflies.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Ftraurnitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Ftraurnitsa.jpg",{"title":427,"description":428,"path":429,"coverImage":430,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Nickerl's Fritillary","Nickerl's fritillary is a small butterfly with the typical checkered nymphalid pattern, occurring on dry meadows with plantain in European Russia.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fshashechnitsa-aurelia","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fshashechnitsa-aurelia.jpg",{"title":432,"description":433,"path":434,"coverImage":435,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Old World Swallowtail","The Old World swallowtail is a large, recognizable swallowtail of the temperate zone: yellow wings, black pattern, and bright 'tails' on the hindwings.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmahon","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmahon.jpg",{"title":437,"description":438,"path":439,"coverImage":440,"publishedAt":441,"order":183},"Oleander Hawkmoth","The oleander hawkmoth is a tropical sphingid, apple-green with pink bands, hovering at dusk over oleander. A Mediterranean resident, rare vagrant to Europe.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbraznik-oleandrovy","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbraznik-oleandrovy.png","09.06.2026",{"title":443,"description":444,"path":445,"coverImage":446,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Orange Tip","The orange tip is an early-spring white with an orange patch on the male's forewing. One of the first pierids to appear after snow melt.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzoryanka","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzoryanka.jpg",{"title":205,"description":448,"path":206,"coverImage":449,"publishedAt":186,"order":183},"The owl butterfly Caligo memnon is a crepuscular nymphalid with large 'owl eyes' on its wing undersides, wingspan to 150 mm, in Central and South America.","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsovinnaya-babochka.jpg",{"title":451,"description":452,"path":453,"coverImage":454,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Painted Lady","The painted lady is one of the longest-distance migrants among butterflies. Each year it travels thousands of kilometres from Africa into Europe and temperate Eurasia across its range.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Frepeynitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Frepeynitsa.jpg",{"title":456,"description":457,"path":458,"coverImage":459,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Pale Clouded Yellow","The pale clouded yellow is a yellow or whitish pierid. Males are lemon yellow, females often white. It lives on meadows with clover.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzheltushka-lugovaya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzheltushka-lugovaya.jpg",{"title":461,"description":462,"path":463,"coverImage":464,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Peacock","The peacock is one of the most beautiful temperate-zone butterflies. Four large wing 'eyes' mimic a predator's gaze, protecting it from birds.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpavliniy-glaz","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpavliniy-glaz.jpg",{"title":466,"description":467,"path":468,"coverImage":469,"publishedAt":470,"order":183},"Pearl Heath","The pearl heath (Coenonympha arcania) is a small satyr butterfly of Central and Southern Europe, with a white postdiscal stripe and silver-ringed eyespots.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsennitsa-arkaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsennitsa-arkaniya.png","04.08.2026",{"title":472,"description":473,"path":474,"coverImage":475,"publishedAt":476,"order":183},"Peleides Blue Morpho","The Peleides blue morpho is one of the largest, brightest butterflies alive — its iridescent blue wings, up to 20 cm, come from light-scattering nanostructures.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmorfo-peleid","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmorfo-peleid.png","10.08.2026",{"title":478,"description":479,"path":480,"coverImage":481,"publishedAt":482,"order":183},"Plain Tiger","The Plain Tiger (Danaus chrysippus) is among the world's most widely distributed butterflies, ranging from Africa to South Asia and Australia.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fdanajida-hrizipp","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fdanajida-hrizipp.png","16.06.2026",{"title":484,"description":485,"path":486,"coverImage":487,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Poplar Admiral","The poplar admiral is a large forest butterfly with dark wings and a white band. Males aggressively defend territory in tree crowns.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Flentochnik-topolevyi","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Flentochnik-topolevyi.jpg",{"title":489,"description":490,"path":491,"coverImage":492,"publishedAt":493,"order":183},"Priam's Birdwing","Priam's Birdwing is one of the largest, most spectacular butterflies. Males show iridescent green and black wings; larger females are brown and yellow.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpticekrylka-priam","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpticekrylka-priam.png","05.06.2026",{"title":495,"description":496,"path":497,"coverImage":498,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Purple Emperor","The purple emperor is one of the most beautiful butterflies in Europe. The male's wings shimmer with violet-blue iridescence in certain light.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperelivnitsa-iris","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperelivnitsa-iris.jpg",{"title":500,"description":501,"path":502,"coverImage":503,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Purple Hairstreak","The purple hairstreak is a small lycaenid with emerald-green undersides, living in oak woodland across Europe, most active high in the canopy.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzefir-dubovyi","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fzefir-dubovyi.jpg",{"title":505,"description":506,"path":507,"coverImage":508,"publishedAt":186,"order":183},"Queen Alexandra's Birdwing","Queen Alexandra's birdwing is the world's largest day-flying butterfly, female wingspan up to 280 mm. Lives only in Papua New Guinea; endangered.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpticekrylka-aleksandry","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpticekrylka-aleksandry.jpg",{"title":510,"description":511,"path":512,"coverImage":513,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Queen of Spain Fritillary","The queen of Spain fritillary is a small butterfly with numerous silvery spots on the hindwing underside, occurring from lowlands to mountains.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-malaya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-malaya.jpg",{"title":515,"description":516,"path":517,"coverImage":518,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Red Admiral","The red admiral is a migratory butterfly with dark brown wings and a scarlet band. Each summer it migrates into temperate Eurasia, reaching the northern part of its range from the Mediterranean.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fadmiral","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fadmiral.jpg",{"title":520,"description":521,"path":522,"coverImage":523,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Scarce Swallowtail","The scarce swallowtail is a large swallowtail with cream-yellow wings and characteristic dark stripes. It is conspicuous in May in fruit orchards.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpodalirii","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpodalirii.jpg",{"title":525,"description":526,"path":527,"coverImage":528,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Silver-washed Fritillary","The silver-washed fritillary is a large woodland butterfly with orange wings. The underside of the hindwings shimmers with silvery pearl-like spots.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-bolshaya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fperlamutrovka-bolshaya.jpg",{"title":530,"description":531,"path":532,"coverImage":533,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Small Apollo","The small Apollo is a mountain Papilio with white wings similar to the Apollo but smaller. It lives in high mountains of the Altai, Siberia, and Central Asia.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Ffeby","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Ffeby.jpg",{"title":535,"description":536,"path":537,"coverImage":538,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Small Blue","The small blue is the smallest blue in Europe, with inconspicuous gray wings in both sexes; it lives on poor dry meadows with vetch.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fkupidok","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fkupidok.jpg",{"title":540,"description":541,"path":542,"coverImage":543,"publishedAt":544,"order":183},"Small Copper","The small copper is one of Europe's most vivid small butterflies — fiery orange-copper forewings flash in sun across meadows and heathlands worldwide.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fchervonet-ognennyj","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fchervonet-ognennyj.png","19.06.2026",{"title":546,"description":547,"path":548,"coverImage":549,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Small Heath","The small heath is a small reddish-brown butterfly of open meadows. It is one of the most abundant browns and occurs almost everywhere.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsennitsa-obyknovennaya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fsennitsa-obyknovennaya.jpg",{"title":551,"description":552,"path":553,"coverImage":554,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary","The small pearl-bordered fritillary is a small fritillary of wet meadows, with clear white and rusty spots in a pattern on the hindwing underside.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fboloria-selene","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fboloria-selene.jpg",{"title":556,"description":557,"path":558,"coverImage":559,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Small Tortoiseshell","The small tortoiseshell is one of the most common day-flying butterflies of the temperate zone, with bright orange wings, black spots, and blue marginal 'eyes'.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fkrapivnitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fkrapivnitsa.jpg",{"title":561,"description":562,"path":563,"coverImage":564,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Small White","The small white is a small white butterfly similar to the large white, whose caterpillars feed on cabbage — the most common garden pest among the whites.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Frepnitsa","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Frepnitsa.jpg",{"title":566,"description":567,"path":568,"coverImage":569,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Southern Festoon","The southern festoon is an early-spring butterfly of southern Russia with cream wings and red spots — one of the first swallowtails to fly each year.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpolyksena","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fpolyksena.jpg",{"title":571,"description":572,"path":573,"coverImage":574,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Southern Swallowtail","The southern swallowtail is a rare Papilio with yellow-and-black wings, living in mountain areas of the Caucasus and Crimea, very seldom seen.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Falexanor","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Falexanor.jpg",{"title":576,"description":577,"path":578,"coverImage":579,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"Speckled Wood","The speckled wood is a mottled orange-brown butterfly of shady woods, preferring partial shade and damp forest paths across much of Europe.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbarkhatnitsa-egeriya","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbarkhatnitsa-egeriya.jpg",{"title":581,"description":582,"path":583,"coverImage":584,"publishedAt":585,"order":183},"Ulysses Swallowtail","The Ulysses Swallowtail is a large rainforest swallowtail whose iridescent electric-blue wings flash through the canopy of Queensland and New Guinea.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fparusnik-uliss","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fparusnik-uliss.png","02.06.2026",{"title":587,"description":588,"path":589,"coverImage":590,"publishedAt":229,"order":183},"White Admiral","The white admiral is an elegant forest butterfly with dark brown wings and a broad white band. It flies in deciduous woods with honeysuckle.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbelolentochnik-kamilla","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fbelolentochnik-kamilla.jpg",{"title":592,"description":593,"path":594,"coverImage":595,"publishedAt":596,"order":183},"Woodland Ringlet","The woodland ringlet (Erebia medusa) is a satyr butterfly of damp meadows across central Europe, with chocolate-brown wings and orange-ringed eyespots.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Ferebiya-meduza","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Ferebiya-meduza.png","27.07.2026",[],[599,601,603],{"label":202,"path":203,"coverImage":333,"latinName":600},"Greta oto",{"label":205,"path":206,"coverImage":449,"latinName":602},"Caligo memnon",{"label":208,"path":209,"coverImage":420,"latinName":604},"Danaus plexippus",[606,608],{"label":166,"path":190,"description":191,"coverImage":607,"latinName":166},"\u002Fimages\u002Fsemeystva\u002Fnimfalidy.png",{"label":193,"path":194,"description":195,"coverImage":609,"latinName":183},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika.png",[611,616,621,627,633],{"title":612,"description":613,"path":614,"coverImage":615,"publishedAt":229,"order":187},"Day-flying butterflies","Day-flying butterflies are the most conspicuous Lepidoptera: they fly in sunlight, have club-shaped antennae, and often bright colouration.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fdnevnye-babochki","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fdnevnye-babochki.jpg",{"title":617,"description":618,"path":619,"coverImage":620,"publishedAt":229,"order":152},"Nocturnal butterflies and moths","Nocturnal butterflies and moths are a diverse group of Lepidoptera active at dusk and night. There are far more species than among day-flying butterflies.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fnochanye-babochki-i-motylki","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fnochanye-babochki-i-motylki.jpg",{"title":622,"description":623,"path":624,"coverImage":625,"publishedAt":229,"order":626},"Large butterflies","Large butterflies impress with wingspan: from the familiar swallowtail to giant birdwings with wings wider than 25 centimetres.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fkrupnye-babochki","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fkrupnye-babochki.jpg",3,{"title":628,"description":629,"path":630,"coverImage":631,"publishedAt":229,"order":632},"Rare butterflies","Rare butterflies — threatened species: Apollo, clouded Apollo, large blue, and other declining Lepidoptera.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fredkie-babochki","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fredkie-babochki.jpg",4,{"title":634,"description":635,"path":636,"coverImage":637,"publishedAt":229,"order":638},"How to identify a butterfly species","Step-by-step guide to identifying a butterfly: size, colour, wing shape, antennae, place and time of encounter. Methods without capture and using photographs.","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fkak-opredelit-vid-babochki","\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fkak-opredelit-vid-babochki.jpg",5,1787125901173]