[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":317},["ShallowReactive",2],{"glossary_en:\u002Fslovar\u002Fferomon":3,"alt-locale:glossary_en:\u002Fslovar\u002Fferomon":101,"section-listing:disabled":126,"related-covers:en:":127,"section-listing:glossary_en:\u002Fslovar":128,"related-covers:en:\u002Fslovar\u002Fantenna|\u002Fslovar\u002Fpudling|\u002Fslovar\u002Fmigraciya|\u002Fzhizn-babochek\u002Frol-babochek-v-prirode":311},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"coverImage":89,"description":90,"extension":91,"faq":92,"imagePrompt":99,"meta":100,"navigation":101,"order":102,"pageType":103,"path":104,"publishedAt":105,"readingMinutes":106,"relatedLinks":107,"seo":120,"sitemap":123,"stem":124,"tags":102,"updatedAt":102,"__hash__":125},"glossary_en\u002Fslovar\u002Fferomon.md","Pheromones",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":81},"minimark",[9,14,30,34,41,44,48,55,65,69,72],[10,11,13],"h2",{"id":12},"what-are-pheromones","What are pheromones",[15,16,17,20,21,25,26,29],"p",{},[18,19,5],"strong",{}," (from Greek ",[22,23,24],"em",{},"pherein"," — to carry, ",[22,27,28],{},"horman"," — to excite) are chemical substances released by an animal into the environment that affect the behavior of others of the same species. In butterflies, pheromones are the main means of finding a mate.",[10,31,33],{"id":32},"female-pheromones","Female pheromones",[15,35,36,37,40],{},"Females of most species release ",[18,38,39],{},"sex attractants"," — volatile substances that attract males from great distances. Pheromones are produced by special glands at the tip of the abdomen. The female “calls” males by raising the abdomen and releasing a cloud of pheromone on the wind.",[15,42,43],{},"This mechanism is used to control pest moths: pheromone traps attract males and prevent mating.",[10,45,47],{"id":46},"male-pheromones","Male pheromones",[15,49,50,51,54],{},"Many day-flying butterflies also produce pheromones — via ",[18,52,53],{},"androconial scales"," (specialized scales on wings or legs). Androconial scales release substances that stimulate the female to mate at close contact.",[15,56,57,60,61,64],{},[18,58,59],{},"Example:"," the male monarch (",[22,62,63],{},"Danaus plexippus",") has conspicuous androconial patches on the hindwings.",[10,66,68],{"id":67},"pheromones-and-systematics","Pheromones and systematics",[15,70,71],{},"A species' pheromone profile is unique — two closely related butterflies, indistinguishable visually, may have completely different pheromones and not interbreed. This allows “cryptic species” to coexist in one area without hybridization.",[15,73,74,75,80],{},"More on mate search — in the article ",[76,77,79],"a",{"href":78},"\u002Fen\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fzhiznennyj-tsikl","life cycle",".",{"title":82,"searchDepth":83,"depth":83,"links":84},"",2,[85,86,87,88],{"id":12,"depth":83,"text":13},{"id":32,"depth":83,"text":33},{"id":46,"depth":83,"text":47},{"id":67,"depth":83,"text":68},"\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fferomon.jpg","Butterfly pheromones are chemical signals for attracting mates, marking territory, and communication. Males and females release different pheromones.","md",[93,96],{"q":94,"a":95},"Why do butterflies need pheromones?","Pheromones are used to attract a mate, synchronize behavior during mating, and in some cases for aggregation (gathering individuals together). The female releases pheromones that attract the male; the male releases pheromones that stimulate the female to mate.",{"q":97,"a":98},"How far can a male butterfly detect pheromones?","Males of the silkworm moth (Bombyx mori) can detect the female pheromone from up to 10 km away — one of the sensitivity records in the animal kingdom. Day-flying butterflies work at shorter distances — usually hundreds of meters.","Photorealistic nature photo, butterfly mating behavior — male and female Papilio machaon in courtship flight over meadow, chemical communication concept, soft natural light, selective focus, 16:9",{},true,null,"glossary","\u002Fslovar\u002Fferomon","01.05.2026",1,[108,111,114,117],{"label":109,"path":110},"Antenna","\u002Fslovar\u002Fantenna",{"label":112,"path":113},"Puddling","\u002Fslovar\u002Fpudling",{"label":115,"path":116},"Migration","\u002Fslovar\u002Fmigraciya",{"label":118,"path":119},"Role of butterflies in nature","\u002Fzhizn-babochek\u002Frol-babochek-v-prirode",{"title":121,"description":122},"Butterfly pheromones — what they are, how they work, role in reproduction","Pheromones in butterflies: chemical signals for attracting mates. How males find females, androconial scales, examples of species.",{"loc":104},"slovar\u002Fferomon","RO6vyvCK9bviN6mEC4RF6jrgiIwU9R52MvKYlz9nuvw",[],[],[129,132,137,143,148,153,158,163,168,173,178,183,189,194,199,204,209,214,219,222,227,232,237,242,243,248,253,258,261,266,271,277,283,289,294,299,305],{"title":109,"description":130,"path":110,"coverImage":131,"publishedAt":105,"order":102},"Butterfly antennae are paired sensory organs on the head, used to detect odors, pheromones, and vibrations. Their shape is a key identification trait.","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fantenna.png",{"title":133,"description":134,"path":135,"coverImage":136,"publishedAt":105,"order":102},"Aposematism","Aposematism is warning coloration in toxic or unpalatable butterflies. Bright colors signal danger to predators and protect the species from being eaten.","\u002Fslovar\u002Faposematizm","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Faposematizm.png",{"title":138,"description":139,"path":140,"coverImage":141,"publishedAt":142,"order":102},"Batesian Mimicry","Batesian mimicry is when a harmless species evolves to resemble a toxic or dangerous one, borrowing its predator-deterrent reputation without the actual defense.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fbatezovskaya-mimikriya","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fbatezovskaya-mimikriya.png","25.07.2026",{"title":144,"description":145,"path":146,"coverImage":147,"publishedAt":105,"order":102},"Biotope","A biotope is a uniform habitat patch with specific conditions, home to a characteristic community. Each butterfly species prefers its own biotope.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fbiotop","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fbiotop.png",{"title":149,"description":150,"path":151,"coverImage":152,"publishedAt":105,"order":102},"Caterpillar","The caterpillar is the larval stage of a butterfly, whose main task is to eat and grow — accumulating about 99% of the energy needed for transformation.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fgusenica","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fgusenica.jpg",{"title":154,"description":155,"path":156,"coverImage":157,"publishedAt":105,"order":102},"Chitin","Chitin is the main structural polymer of insect integument. The hard external skeleton of butterflies, wing scales, and caterpillar armor are made of chitin.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fkhitin","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fkhitin.jpg",{"title":159,"description":160,"path":161,"coverImage":162,"publishedAt":105,"order":102},"Chrysalis","A chrysalis is a butterfly pupa with a hard chitinous case, often with a golden or silvery sheen. Inside, the organism is completely rebuilt.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fkhrizalida","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fkhrizalida.jpg",{"title":164,"description":165,"path":166,"coverImage":167,"publishedAt":105,"order":102},"Diapause","Diapause is a state of physiological rest in insects that allows survival of an unfavorable season. In butterflies, it can occur at any developmental stage.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fdiapauza","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fdiapauza.png",{"title":169,"description":170,"path":171,"coverImage":172,"publishedAt":105,"order":102},"Dimorphism","Dimorphism is the existence of two distinct forms within one species. In butterflies, males and females of the same species can differ sharply in coloration.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fdimorfizm","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fdimorfizm.jpg",{"title":174,"description":175,"path":176,"coverImage":177,"publishedAt":105,"order":102},"Eclosion","Eclosion is the emergence of an adult butterfly from the pupa. One of the most vulnerable and striking moments in the life cycle of lepidopterans.","\u002Fslovar\u002Feklozia","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Feklozia.jpg",{"title":179,"description":180,"path":181,"coverImage":182,"publishedAt":105,"order":102},"Endemic","An endemic is a species that lives only in a specific geographic region and nowhere else. Islands and mountains are the main centers of butterfly endemism.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fendemik","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fendemik.jpg",{"title":184,"description":185,"path":186,"coverImage":187,"publishedAt":188,"order":102},"Eyespots","Eyespots are circular wing markings that mimic a vertebrate eye, used by butterflies either to startle predators or to redirect attacks away from vital body parts.","\u002Fslovar\u002Flozhnye-glazki","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Flozhnye-glazki.png","13.08.2026",{"title":190,"description":191,"path":192,"coverImage":193,"publishedAt":105,"order":102},"Holometabolism","Holometabolism is a type of insect development with complete metamorphosis: egg → larva → pupa → imago. All butterflies develop by this type.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fgolometaboliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fgolometaboliya.jpg",{"title":195,"description":196,"path":197,"coverImage":198,"publishedAt":105,"order":102},"Host plant","A host plant is a plant whose leaves a caterpillar of a given butterfly species feeds on. Most species are strictly specialized on 1–3 host plants.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fkormovoe-rastenie","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fkormovoe-rastenie.jpg",{"title":200,"description":201,"path":202,"coverImage":203,"publishedAt":105,"order":102},"Imago","Imago is the adult, sexually mature stage of an insect with fully formed wings. The final phase of complete metamorphosis.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fimago","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fimago.jpg",{"title":205,"description":206,"path":207,"coverImage":208,"publishedAt":105,"order":102},"Lepidoptera","Lepidoptera is the order of scale-winged insects, including butterflies and moths. The name means “scale-winged”: wings are covered with microscopic scales.","\u002Fslovar\u002Flepidoptera","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Flepidoptera.jpg",{"title":210,"description":211,"path":212,"coverImage":213,"publishedAt":105,"order":102},"Melanism","Melanism is excess accumulation of dark pigment melanin, causing darkened coloration. Industrial melanism in the peppered moth is a classic evolution example.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fmelanizm","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fmelanizm.jpg",{"title":215,"description":216,"path":217,"coverImage":218,"publishedAt":105,"order":102},"Metamorphosis","Metamorphosis is complete transformation of an insect passing through four developmental stages: egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa, and adult (imago).","\u002Fslovar\u002Fmetamorfoz","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fmetamorfoz.jpg",{"title":115,"description":220,"path":116,"coverImage":221,"publishedAt":105,"order":102},"Butterfly migration is seasonal movement over long distances. The record holder is the monarch, at up to 4,500 km; red admirals and painted ladies also migrate.","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fmigraciya.jpg",{"title":223,"description":224,"path":225,"coverImage":226,"publishedAt":105,"order":102},"Mimicry","Mimicry in butterflies is resemblance to other species or objects for protection from predators. Batesian and Müllerian mimicry, with examples.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fmimikriya","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fmimikriya.jpg",{"title":228,"description":229,"path":230,"coverImage":231,"publishedAt":105,"order":102},"Monophage","A monophage is a species whose caterpillars feed on only one species or genus of plant. Monophagy makes a butterfly vulnerable if that plant disappears.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fmonofag","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fmonofag.jpg",{"title":233,"description":234,"path":235,"coverImage":236,"publishedAt":105,"order":102},"Nectar","Nectar is the sweet secretion of flowers and the main energy source for adult butterflies, which drink it through the proboscis and carry pollen too.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fnektar","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fnektar.jpg",{"title":238,"description":239,"path":240,"coverImage":241,"publishedAt":105,"order":102},"Oviposition","Oviposition is egg-laying by a female butterfly, who carefully chooses a host plant, tapping leaves with her legs, and lays eggs on the underside.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fovipozitsiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fovipozitsiya.jpg",{"title":5,"description":90,"path":104,"coverImage":89,"publishedAt":105,"order":102},{"title":244,"description":245,"path":246,"coverImage":247,"publishedAt":105,"order":102},"Pollination","Pollination is transfer of pollen from anther to stigma. Butterflies are important pollinators: they move pollen between flowers while feeding on nectar.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fopylenie","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fopylenie.jpg",{"title":249,"description":250,"path":251,"coverImage":252,"publishedAt":105,"order":102},"Polyphagy","Polyphagy is the ability to feed on a wide range of plants. Polyphagous caterpillars are less vulnerable when one host plant species is lost than monophages.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fpolifagiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fpolifagiya.jpg",{"title":254,"description":255,"path":256,"coverImage":257,"publishedAt":105,"order":102},"Proboscis","The proboscis is the mouthpart of an adult butterfly, shaped as a flexible tube for sucking nectar and other liquids. At rest it is coiled in a spiral.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fkhobotok","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fkhobotok.jpg",{"title":112,"description":259,"path":113,"coverImage":260,"publishedAt":105,"order":102},"Puddling in butterflies is behavior where insects gather on damp soil, puddles, or droppings to obtain mineral salts and amino acids.","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fpudling.jpg",{"title":262,"description":263,"path":264,"coverImage":265,"publishedAt":105,"order":102},"Pupa","The pupa is the third stage of complete metamorphosis, when the caterpillar transforms into a butterfly — outwardly still, but rebuilding within.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fkukolka","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fkukolka.jpg",{"title":267,"description":268,"path":269,"coverImage":270,"publishedAt":105,"order":102},"Range","Range is the geographic area within which a given butterfly species lives. Ranges may be continuous, fragmented, expanding, or shrinking.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fareal","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fareal.png",{"title":272,"description":273,"path":274,"coverImage":275,"publishedAt":276,"order":102},"Reintroduction","Reintroduction is the deliberate release of captive-bred or translocated individuals into a habitat where a species has gone locally extinct, aiming to re-establish a self-sustaining wild population.","\u002Fslovar\u002Freintroduktsiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Freintroduktsiya.png","22.07.2026",{"title":278,"description":279,"path":280,"coverImage":281,"publishedAt":282,"order":102},"Relict Species","A relict species is a survivor of a once-widespread group whose range has contracted to isolated pockets — often mountaintops or glacial refuges — left over after past climate change.","\u002Fslovar\u002Freliktovyi-vid","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Freliktovyi-vid.png","01.08.2026",{"title":284,"description":285,"path":286,"coverImage":287,"publishedAt":288,"order":102},"Stenotopic Species","A stenotopic species tolerates only a narrow range of habitat conditions, unlike a eurytopic generalist that thrives across many different environments.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fstenotopnyi-vid","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fstenotopnyi-vid.png","07.08.2026",{"title":290,"description":291,"path":292,"coverImage":293,"publishedAt":105,"order":102},"Taxonomy","Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms. Butterflies belong to order Lepidoptera; taxonomy explains why the tortoiseshell is a nymphalid, not a blue.","\u002Fslovar\u002Ftaksonomiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Ftaksonomiya.jpg",{"title":295,"description":296,"path":297,"coverImage":298,"publishedAt":105,"order":102},"Thermoregulation","Thermoregulation in butterflies is maintaining working body temperature. Unable to generate heat, they warm up in sun, wings spread like solar panels.","\u002Fslovar\u002Ftermoregulyatsiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Ftermoregulyatsiya.jpg",{"title":300,"description":301,"path":302,"coverImage":303,"publishedAt":304,"order":102},"Toxin Sequestration","Toxin sequestration is when a caterpillar stores plant-derived toxins from its host plant unchanged in its own tissues, turning the plant's chemical defense into its own.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fsekvestraciya-toksinov","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fsekvestraciya-toksinov.png","19.08.2026",{"title":306,"description":307,"path":308,"coverImage":309,"publishedAt":310,"order":102},"Wing Venation","Wing venation is the pattern of hollow, rigid veins that forms a butterfly wing's supporting framework — its precise layout is a key character for identification and classification.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fzhilkovanie-kryla","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fzhilkovanie-kryla.png","27.07.2026",[312,313,314,315],{"label":109,"path":110,"coverImage":131,"latinName":102},{"label":112,"path":113,"coverImage":260,"latinName":102},{"label":115,"path":116,"coverImage":221,"latinName":102},{"label":118,"path":119,"coverImage":316,"latinName":102},"\u002Fimages\u002Fzhizn-babochek\u002Frol-babochek-v-prirode.jpg",1787125907620]