[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":370},["ShallowReactive",2],{"glossary_en:\u002Fslovar\u002Fbiotop":3,"alt-locale:glossary_en:\u002Fslovar\u002Fbiotop":154,"section-listing:disabled":180,"related-covers:en:":181,"section-listing:glossary_en:\u002Fslovar":182,"related-covers:en:\u002Fslovar\u002Fareal|\u002Fslovar\u002Fendemik|\u002Fslovar\u002Fkormovoe-rastenie|\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fgde-obitayut-babochki":364},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"coverImage":142,"description":143,"extension":144,"faq":145,"imagePrompt":152,"meta":153,"navigation":154,"order":155,"pageType":156,"path":157,"publishedAt":158,"readingMinutes":159,"relatedLinks":160,"seo":173,"sitemap":176,"stem":178,"tags":155,"updatedAt":177,"__hash__":179},"glossary_en\u002Fslovar\u002Fbiotop.md","Biotope",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":135},"minimark",[9,14,30,41,45,120,124,127],[10,11,13],"h2",{"id":12},"definition","Definition",[15,16,17,20,21,25,26,29],"p",{},[18,19,5],"strong",{}," (from Greek ",[22,23,24],"em",{},"bios"," — life, ",[22,27,28],{},"topos"," — place) is a habitat patch with uniform conditions (soil type, vegetation, relief, microclimate) occupied by a particular biocenosis — a community of living organisms.",[15,31,32,33,36,37,40],{},"For butterflies, a biotope is above all a place where there are ",[18,34,35],{},"host plants for caterpillars"," and ",[18,38,39],{},"nectar plants for adults",".",[10,42,44],{"id":43},"main-butterfly-biotopes-in-russia","Main butterfly biotopes in Russia",[46,47,48,60],"table",{},[49,50,51],"thead",{},[52,53,54,57],"tr",{},[55,56,5],"th",{},[55,58,59],{},"Characteristic species",[61,62,63,72,80,88,96,104,112],"tbody",{},[52,64,65,69],{},[66,67,68],"td",{},"Meadow, mixed herbs",[66,70,71],{},"Swallowtail, fritillaries, checkerspots, sulphurs",[52,73,74,77],{},[66,75,76],{},"Forest edge",[66,78,79],{},"Small tortoiseshell, brimstone, comma, peacock",[52,81,82,85],{},[66,83,84],{},"Forest (oak grove)",[66,86,87],{},"Peacock, hairstreaks, satyrs",[52,89,90,93],{},[66,91,92],{},"Bog",[66,94,95],{},"Bog fritillary, bog copper",[52,97,98,101],{},[66,99,100],{},"Mountain meadow",[66,102,103],{},"Apollo, Mnemosyne, mountain species of genus Erebia",[52,105,106,109],{},[66,107,108],{},"Steppe",[66,110,111],{},"Sulphurs, blues, steppe coppers",[52,113,114,117],{},[66,115,116],{},"Garden, urban",[66,118,119],{},"Large white, small white, small tortoiseshell, painted lady",[10,121,123],{"id":122},"biotope-and-species-conservation","Biotope and species conservation",[15,125,126],{},"Species loss almost always begins with degradation of its biotope: meadows overgrown with shrubs, bogs drained, steppes plowed, old oak groves cut. Therefore protecting rare butterflies is impossible without protecting their biotopes.",[15,128,129,130,40],{},"More detail — in the article ",[131,132,134],"a",{"href":133},"\u002Fen\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fgde-obitayut-babochki","where butterflies live",{"title":136,"searchDepth":137,"depth":137,"links":138},"",2,[139,140,141],{"id":12,"depth":137,"text":13},{"id":43,"depth":137,"text":44},{"id":122,"depth":137,"text":123},"\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fbiotop.png","A biotope is a uniform habitat patch with specific conditions, home to a characteristic community. Each butterfly species prefers its own biotope.","md",[146,149],{"q":147,"a":148},"What is a biotope?","A biotope is a uniform area of land with specific conditions (soil type, vegetation, microclimate) inhabited by a characteristic community of plants and animals. For butterflies, the biotope is determined mainly by the presence of caterpillar host plants.",{"q":150,"a":151},"Which biotope has the most butterfly species?","In temperate climates — flowering meadows with diverse herbs, especially on chalk and limestone slopes. In the tropics — primary rainforest. In Russia, species-rich habitats include alpine meadows of the Caucasus and oak forests in the south.","Photorealistic nature panorama, butterfly biotope — rich wildflower meadow with forest edge, various butterfly species visible on flowers, diverse habitat mosaic, warm summer afternoon light, 16:9",{},true,null,"glossary","\u002Fslovar\u002Fbiotop","01.05.2026",1,[161,164,167,170],{"label":162,"path":163},"Range","\u002Fslovar\u002Fareal",{"label":165,"path":166},"Endemic","\u002Fslovar\u002Fendemik",{"label":168,"path":169},"Host plant","\u002Fslovar\u002Fkormovoe-rastenie",{"label":171,"path":172},"Where butterflies live","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fgde-obitayut-babochki",{"title":174,"description":175},"Butterfly biotopes — meadow, forest, bog, mountains: where butterflies live","Biotope — butterfly habitat. Meadow, forest, forest edge, bog, mountains: which butterfly species are typical of each biotope.",{"loc":157,"lastmod":177},"27.07.2026","slovar\u002Fbiotop","o3Y1-cXH958s-wL5qwv0LomsO8z5kLeS5Mw_KWc8PRs",[],[],[183,188,193,199,200,205,210,215,220,225,230,233,239,244,247,252,257,262,267,272,277,282,287,292,297,302,307,312,317,322,325,331,337,343,348,353,359],{"title":184,"description":185,"path":186,"coverImage":187,"publishedAt":158,"order":155},"Antenna","Butterfly antennae are paired sensory organs on the head, used to detect odors, pheromones, and vibrations. Their shape is a key identification trait.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fantenna","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fantenna.png",{"title":189,"description":190,"path":191,"coverImage":192,"publishedAt":158,"order":155},"Aposematism","Aposematism is warning coloration in toxic or unpalatable butterflies. Bright colors signal danger to predators and protect the species from being eaten.","\u002Fslovar\u002Faposematizm","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Faposematizm.png",{"title":194,"description":195,"path":196,"coverImage":197,"publishedAt":198,"order":155},"Batesian Mimicry","Batesian mimicry is when a harmless species evolves to resemble a toxic or dangerous one, borrowing its predator-deterrent reputation without the actual defense.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fbatezovskaya-mimikriya","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fbatezovskaya-mimikriya.png","25.07.2026",{"title":5,"description":143,"path":157,"coverImage":142,"publishedAt":158,"order":155},{"title":201,"description":202,"path":203,"coverImage":204,"publishedAt":158,"order":155},"Caterpillar","The caterpillar is the larval stage of a butterfly, whose main task is to eat and grow — accumulating about 99% of the energy needed for transformation.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fgusenica","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fgusenica.jpg",{"title":206,"description":207,"path":208,"coverImage":209,"publishedAt":158,"order":155},"Chitin","Chitin is the main structural polymer of insect integument. The hard external skeleton of butterflies, wing scales, and caterpillar armor are made of chitin.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fkhitin","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fkhitin.jpg",{"title":211,"description":212,"path":213,"coverImage":214,"publishedAt":158,"order":155},"Chrysalis","A chrysalis is a butterfly pupa with a hard chitinous case, often with a golden or silvery sheen. Inside, the organism is completely rebuilt.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fkhrizalida","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fkhrizalida.jpg",{"title":216,"description":217,"path":218,"coverImage":219,"publishedAt":158,"order":155},"Diapause","Diapause is a state of physiological rest in insects that allows survival of an unfavorable season. In butterflies, it can occur at any developmental stage.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fdiapauza","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fdiapauza.png",{"title":221,"description":222,"path":223,"coverImage":224,"publishedAt":158,"order":155},"Dimorphism","Dimorphism is the existence of two distinct forms within one species. In butterflies, males and females of the same species can differ sharply in coloration.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fdimorfizm","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fdimorfizm.jpg",{"title":226,"description":227,"path":228,"coverImage":229,"publishedAt":158,"order":155},"Eclosion","Eclosion is the emergence of an adult butterfly from the pupa. One of the most vulnerable and striking moments in the life cycle of lepidopterans.","\u002Fslovar\u002Feklozia","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Feklozia.jpg",{"title":165,"description":231,"path":166,"coverImage":232,"publishedAt":158,"order":155},"An endemic is a species that lives only in a specific geographic region and nowhere else. Islands and mountains are the main centers of butterfly endemism.","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fendemik.jpg",{"title":234,"description":235,"path":236,"coverImage":237,"publishedAt":238,"order":155},"Eyespots","Eyespots are circular wing markings that mimic a vertebrate eye, used by butterflies either to startle predators or to redirect attacks away from vital body parts.","\u002Fslovar\u002Flozhnye-glazki","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Flozhnye-glazki.png","13.08.2026",{"title":240,"description":241,"path":242,"coverImage":243,"publishedAt":158,"order":155},"Holometabolism","Holometabolism is a type of insect development with complete metamorphosis: egg → larva → pupa → imago. All butterflies develop by this type.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fgolometaboliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fgolometaboliya.jpg",{"title":168,"description":245,"path":169,"coverImage":246,"publishedAt":158,"order":155},"A host plant is a plant whose leaves a caterpillar of a given butterfly species feeds on. Most species are strictly specialized on 1–3 host plants.","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fkormovoe-rastenie.jpg",{"title":248,"description":249,"path":250,"coverImage":251,"publishedAt":158,"order":155},"Imago","Imago is the adult, sexually mature stage of an insect with fully formed wings. The final phase of complete metamorphosis.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fimago","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fimago.jpg",{"title":253,"description":254,"path":255,"coverImage":256,"publishedAt":158,"order":155},"Lepidoptera","Lepidoptera is the order of scale-winged insects, including butterflies and moths. The name means “scale-winged”: wings are covered with microscopic scales.","\u002Fslovar\u002Flepidoptera","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Flepidoptera.jpg",{"title":258,"description":259,"path":260,"coverImage":261,"publishedAt":158,"order":155},"Melanism","Melanism is excess accumulation of dark pigment melanin, causing darkened coloration. Industrial melanism in the peppered moth is a classic evolution example.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fmelanizm","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fmelanizm.jpg",{"title":263,"description":264,"path":265,"coverImage":266,"publishedAt":158,"order":155},"Metamorphosis","Metamorphosis is complete transformation of an insect passing through four developmental stages: egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa, and adult (imago).","\u002Fslovar\u002Fmetamorfoz","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fmetamorfoz.jpg",{"title":268,"description":269,"path":270,"coverImage":271,"publishedAt":158,"order":155},"Migration","Butterfly migration is seasonal movement over long distances. The record holder is the monarch, at up to 4,500 km; red admirals and painted ladies also migrate.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fmigraciya","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fmigraciya.jpg",{"title":273,"description":274,"path":275,"coverImage":276,"publishedAt":158,"order":155},"Mimicry","Mimicry in butterflies is resemblance to other species or objects for protection from predators. Batesian and Müllerian mimicry, with examples.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fmimikriya","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fmimikriya.jpg",{"title":278,"description":279,"path":280,"coverImage":281,"publishedAt":158,"order":155},"Monophage","A monophage is a species whose caterpillars feed on only one species or genus of plant. Monophagy makes a butterfly vulnerable if that plant disappears.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fmonofag","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fmonofag.jpg",{"title":283,"description":284,"path":285,"coverImage":286,"publishedAt":158,"order":155},"Nectar","Nectar is the sweet secretion of flowers and the main energy source for adult butterflies, which drink it through the proboscis and carry pollen too.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fnektar","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fnektar.jpg",{"title":288,"description":289,"path":290,"coverImage":291,"publishedAt":158,"order":155},"Oviposition","Oviposition is egg-laying by a female butterfly, who carefully chooses a host plant, tapping leaves with her legs, and lays eggs on the underside.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fovipozitsiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fovipozitsiya.jpg",{"title":293,"description":294,"path":295,"coverImage":296,"publishedAt":158,"order":155},"Pheromones","Butterfly pheromones are chemical signals for attracting mates, marking territory, and communication. Males and females release different pheromones.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fferomon","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fferomon.jpg",{"title":298,"description":299,"path":300,"coverImage":301,"publishedAt":158,"order":155},"Pollination","Pollination is transfer of pollen from anther to stigma. Butterflies are important pollinators: they move pollen between flowers while feeding on nectar.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fopylenie","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fopylenie.jpg",{"title":303,"description":304,"path":305,"coverImage":306,"publishedAt":158,"order":155},"Polyphagy","Polyphagy is the ability to feed on a wide range of plants. Polyphagous caterpillars are less vulnerable when one host plant species is lost than monophages.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fpolifagiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fpolifagiya.jpg",{"title":308,"description":309,"path":310,"coverImage":311,"publishedAt":158,"order":155},"Proboscis","The proboscis is the mouthpart of an adult butterfly, shaped as a flexible tube for sucking nectar and other liquids. At rest it is coiled in a spiral.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fkhobotok","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fkhobotok.jpg",{"title":313,"description":314,"path":315,"coverImage":316,"publishedAt":158,"order":155},"Puddling","Puddling in butterflies is behavior where insects gather on damp soil, puddles, or droppings to obtain mineral salts and amino acids.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fpudling","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fpudling.jpg",{"title":318,"description":319,"path":320,"coverImage":321,"publishedAt":158,"order":155},"Pupa","The pupa is the third stage of complete metamorphosis, when the caterpillar transforms into a butterfly — outwardly still, but rebuilding within.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fkukolka","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fkukolka.jpg",{"title":162,"description":323,"path":163,"coverImage":324,"publishedAt":158,"order":155},"Range is the geographic area within which a given butterfly species lives. Ranges may be continuous, fragmented, expanding, or shrinking.","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fareal.png",{"title":326,"description":327,"path":328,"coverImage":329,"publishedAt":330,"order":155},"Reintroduction","Reintroduction is the deliberate release of captive-bred or translocated individuals into a habitat where a species has gone locally extinct, aiming to re-establish a self-sustaining wild population.","\u002Fslovar\u002Freintroduktsiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Freintroduktsiya.png","22.07.2026",{"title":332,"description":333,"path":334,"coverImage":335,"publishedAt":336,"order":155},"Relict Species","A relict species is a survivor of a once-widespread group whose range has contracted to isolated pockets — often mountaintops or glacial refuges — left over after past climate change.","\u002Fslovar\u002Freliktovyi-vid","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Freliktovyi-vid.png","01.08.2026",{"title":338,"description":339,"path":340,"coverImage":341,"publishedAt":342,"order":155},"Stenotopic Species","A stenotopic species tolerates only a narrow range of habitat conditions, unlike a eurytopic generalist that thrives across many different environments.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fstenotopnyi-vid","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fstenotopnyi-vid.png","07.08.2026",{"title":344,"description":345,"path":346,"coverImage":347,"publishedAt":158,"order":155},"Taxonomy","Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms. Butterflies belong to order Lepidoptera; taxonomy explains why the tortoiseshell is a nymphalid, not a blue.","\u002Fslovar\u002Ftaksonomiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Ftaksonomiya.jpg",{"title":349,"description":350,"path":351,"coverImage":352,"publishedAt":158,"order":155},"Thermoregulation","Thermoregulation in butterflies is maintaining working body temperature. Unable to generate heat, they warm up in sun, wings spread like solar panels.","\u002Fslovar\u002Ftermoregulyatsiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Ftermoregulyatsiya.jpg",{"title":354,"description":355,"path":356,"coverImage":357,"publishedAt":358,"order":155},"Toxin Sequestration","Toxin sequestration is when a caterpillar stores plant-derived toxins from its host plant unchanged in its own tissues, turning the plant's chemical defense into its own.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fsekvestraciya-toksinov","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fsekvestraciya-toksinov.png","19.08.2026",{"title":360,"description":361,"path":362,"coverImage":363,"publishedAt":177,"order":155},"Wing Venation","Wing venation is the pattern of hollow, rigid veins that forms a butterfly wing's supporting framework — its precise layout is a key character for identification and classification.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fzhilkovanie-kryla","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fzhilkovanie-kryla.png",[365,366,367,368],{"label":162,"path":163,"coverImage":324,"latinName":155},{"label":165,"path":166,"coverImage":232,"latinName":155},{"label":168,"path":169,"coverImage":246,"latinName":155},{"label":171,"path":172,"coverImage":369,"latinName":155},"\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fgde-obitayut-babochki.png",1787125907571]