[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":359},["ShallowReactive",2],{"glossary_en:\u002Fslovar\u002Fareal":3,"alt-locale:glossary_en:\u002Fslovar\u002Fareal":144,"section-listing:disabled":169,"related-covers:en:":170,"section-listing:glossary_en:\u002Fslovar":171,"related-covers:en:\u002Fslovar\u002Fbiotop|\u002Fslovar\u002Fendemik|\u002Fslovar\u002Fmigraciya|\u002Fatlas":354},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"coverImage":132,"description":133,"extension":134,"faq":135,"imagePrompt":142,"meta":143,"navigation":144,"order":145,"pageType":146,"path":147,"publishedAt":148,"readingMinutes":149,"relatedLinks":150,"seo":163,"sitemap":166,"stem":167,"tags":145,"updatedAt":145,"__hash__":168},"glossary_en\u002Fslovar\u002Fareal.md","Range",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":124},"minimark",[9,14,30,34,68,72,82,92,98,108,112,115],[10,11,13],"h2",{"id":12},"definition","Definition",[15,16,17,20,21,25,26,29],"p",{},[18,19,5],"strong",{}," (from Latin ",[22,23,24],"em",{},"area"," — area, space) is the geographic region within which a given species permanently lives under natural conditions. A range shows ",[18,27,28],{},"where"," you can find the species, although within it the species is not distributed evenly.",[10,31,33],{"id":32},"what-determines-range-limits","What determines range limits",[35,36,37,44,50,56,62],"ul",{},[38,39,40,43],"li",{},[18,41,42],{},"Climate"," — minimum and maximum temperature, humidity, length of the season",[38,45,46,49],{},[18,47,48],{},"Host plants"," — caterpillars can live only where their host plant grows",[38,51,52,55],{},[18,53,54],{},"Relief"," — mountain ranges as barriers or corridors for dispersal",[38,57,58,61],{},[18,59,60],{},"Competition"," — other species occupying the same niche",[38,63,64,67],{},[18,65,66],{},"Historical factors"," — glacial periods, continental drift",[10,69,71],{"id":70},"types-of-ranges","Types of ranges",[15,73,74,77,78,81],{},[18,75,76],{},"Continuous"," — the species occurs across the whole territory without major gaps. Example: small tortoiseshell (",[22,79,80],{},"Aglais urticae",") — from Western Europe to the Russian Far East.",[15,83,84,87,88,91],{},[18,85,86],{},"Disjunct"," — separate isolated patches. Example: Apollo (",[22,89,90],{},"Parnassius apollo",") — mountain isolates in Europe and Asia separated by lowlands.",[15,93,94,97],{},[18,95,96],{},"Relict"," — the range has shrunk greatly compared with the historical past. Typical of species displaced by climate change or human activity.",[15,99,100,103,104,107],{},[18,101,102],{},"Expanding"," — the species is actively colonizing new territories. Example: painted lady (",[22,105,106],{},"Vanessa cardui",") — annual population surges with mass northward dispersal.",[10,109,111],{"id":110},"range-and-species-conservation","Range and species conservation",[15,113,114],{},"Range size and stability are key indicators of a species' status. Species with small or shrinking ranges are listed in Red Data Books. For butterflies in Russia, species whose range is limited to a few local populations are included in the national Red Book.",[15,116,117,118,123],{},"Range maps are in the ",[119,120,122],"a",{"href":121},"\u002Fen\u002Fatlas\u002Fkarty-rasprostraneniya","distribution maps"," section.",{"title":125,"searchDepth":126,"depth":126,"links":127},"",2,[128,129,130,131],{"id":12,"depth":126,"text":13},{"id":32,"depth":126,"text":33},{"id":70,"depth":126,"text":71},{"id":110,"depth":126,"text":111},"\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fareal.png","Range is the geographic area within which a given butterfly species lives. Ranges may be continuous, fragmented, expanding, or shrinking.","md",[136,139],{"q":137,"a":138},"What is a species range?","A range is the set of territories where a species occurs in nature. Range limits are determined by climate, availability of host plants, relief, and competition with other species.",{"q":140,"a":141},"What is a disjunct range?","A disjunct (fragmented) range is when populations of a species are separated by territory where the species does not live. This is often seen in relict species whose range shrank during glacial periods.","Clean scientific illustration, butterfly species range map — colored area on world map showing distribution zone, gradient from dense to sparse populations, natural amber and green palette, professional cartographic style, 16:9",{},true,null,"glossary","\u002Fslovar\u002Fareal","01.05.2026",1,[151,154,157,160],{"label":152,"path":153},"Biotope","\u002Fslovar\u002Fbiotop",{"label":155,"path":156},"Endemic","\u002Fslovar\u002Fendemik",{"label":158,"path":159},"Migration","\u002Fslovar\u002Fmigraciya",{"label":161,"path":162},"Butterfly atlas","\u002Fatlas",{"title":164,"description":165},"Butterfly ranges — what they are, types, how to read maps","Butterfly species range: what it is, continuous and disjunct ranges, how ranges change over time. Distribution maps of butterflies.",{"loc":147},"slovar\u002Fareal","0Xg_hzpMehtPmybgcj9pcdPTLv8YQcP5iJU4X56LiaE",[],[],[172,177,182,188,191,196,201,206,211,216,221,224,230,235,240,245,250,255,260,263,268,273,278,283,288,293,298,303,308,313,314,320,326,332,337,342,348],{"title":173,"description":174,"path":175,"coverImage":176,"publishedAt":148,"order":145},"Antenna","Butterfly antennae are paired sensory organs on the head, used to detect odors, pheromones, and vibrations. Their shape is a key identification trait.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fantenna","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fantenna.png",{"title":178,"description":179,"path":180,"coverImage":181,"publishedAt":148,"order":145},"Aposematism","Aposematism is warning coloration in toxic or unpalatable butterflies. Bright colors signal danger to predators and protect the species from being eaten.","\u002Fslovar\u002Faposematizm","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Faposematizm.png",{"title":183,"description":184,"path":185,"coverImage":186,"publishedAt":187,"order":145},"Batesian Mimicry","Batesian mimicry is when a harmless species evolves to resemble a toxic or dangerous one, borrowing its predator-deterrent reputation without the actual defense.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fbatezovskaya-mimikriya","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fbatezovskaya-mimikriya.png","25.07.2026",{"title":152,"description":189,"path":153,"coverImage":190,"publishedAt":148,"order":145},"A biotope is a uniform habitat patch with specific conditions, home to a characteristic community. Each butterfly species prefers its own biotope.","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fbiotop.png",{"title":192,"description":193,"path":194,"coverImage":195,"publishedAt":148,"order":145},"Caterpillar","The caterpillar is the larval stage of a butterfly, whose main task is to eat and grow — accumulating about 99% of the energy needed for transformation.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fgusenica","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fgusenica.jpg",{"title":197,"description":198,"path":199,"coverImage":200,"publishedAt":148,"order":145},"Chitin","Chitin is the main structural polymer of insect integument. The hard external skeleton of butterflies, wing scales, and caterpillar armor are made of chitin.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fkhitin","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fkhitin.jpg",{"title":202,"description":203,"path":204,"coverImage":205,"publishedAt":148,"order":145},"Chrysalis","A chrysalis is a butterfly pupa with a hard chitinous case, often with a golden or silvery sheen. Inside, the organism is completely rebuilt.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fkhrizalida","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fkhrizalida.jpg",{"title":207,"description":208,"path":209,"coverImage":210,"publishedAt":148,"order":145},"Diapause","Diapause is a state of physiological rest in insects that allows survival of an unfavorable season. In butterflies, it can occur at any developmental stage.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fdiapauza","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fdiapauza.png",{"title":212,"description":213,"path":214,"coverImage":215,"publishedAt":148,"order":145},"Dimorphism","Dimorphism is the existence of two distinct forms within one species. In butterflies, males and females of the same species can differ sharply in coloration.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fdimorfizm","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fdimorfizm.jpg",{"title":217,"description":218,"path":219,"coverImage":220,"publishedAt":148,"order":145},"Eclosion","Eclosion is the emergence of an adult butterfly from the pupa. One of the most vulnerable and striking moments in the life cycle of lepidopterans.","\u002Fslovar\u002Feklozia","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Feklozia.jpg",{"title":155,"description":222,"path":156,"coverImage":223,"publishedAt":148,"order":145},"An endemic is a species that lives only in a specific geographic region and nowhere else. Islands and mountains are the main centers of butterfly endemism.","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fendemik.jpg",{"title":225,"description":226,"path":227,"coverImage":228,"publishedAt":229,"order":145},"Eyespots","Eyespots are circular wing markings that mimic a vertebrate eye, used by butterflies either to startle predators or to redirect attacks away from vital body parts.","\u002Fslovar\u002Flozhnye-glazki","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Flozhnye-glazki.png","13.08.2026",{"title":231,"description":232,"path":233,"coverImage":234,"publishedAt":148,"order":145},"Holometabolism","Holometabolism is a type of insect development with complete metamorphosis: egg → larva → pupa → imago. All butterflies develop by this type.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fgolometaboliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fgolometaboliya.jpg",{"title":236,"description":237,"path":238,"coverImage":239,"publishedAt":148,"order":145},"Host plant","A host plant is a plant whose leaves a caterpillar of a given butterfly species feeds on. Most species are strictly specialized on 1–3 host plants.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fkormovoe-rastenie","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fkormovoe-rastenie.jpg",{"title":241,"description":242,"path":243,"coverImage":244,"publishedAt":148,"order":145},"Imago","Imago is the adult, sexually mature stage of an insect with fully formed wings. The final phase of complete metamorphosis.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fimago","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fimago.jpg",{"title":246,"description":247,"path":248,"coverImage":249,"publishedAt":148,"order":145},"Lepidoptera","Lepidoptera is the order of scale-winged insects, including butterflies and moths. The name means “scale-winged”: wings are covered with microscopic scales.","\u002Fslovar\u002Flepidoptera","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Flepidoptera.jpg",{"title":251,"description":252,"path":253,"coverImage":254,"publishedAt":148,"order":145},"Melanism","Melanism is excess accumulation of dark pigment melanin, causing darkened coloration. Industrial melanism in the peppered moth is a classic evolution example.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fmelanizm","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fmelanizm.jpg",{"title":256,"description":257,"path":258,"coverImage":259,"publishedAt":148,"order":145},"Metamorphosis","Metamorphosis is complete transformation of an insect passing through four developmental stages: egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa, and adult (imago).","\u002Fslovar\u002Fmetamorfoz","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fmetamorfoz.jpg",{"title":158,"description":261,"path":159,"coverImage":262,"publishedAt":148,"order":145},"Butterfly migration is seasonal movement over long distances. The record holder is the monarch, at up to 4,500 km; red admirals and painted ladies also migrate.","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fmigraciya.jpg",{"title":264,"description":265,"path":266,"coverImage":267,"publishedAt":148,"order":145},"Mimicry","Mimicry in butterflies is resemblance to other species or objects for protection from predators. Batesian and Müllerian mimicry, with examples.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fmimikriya","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fmimikriya.jpg",{"title":269,"description":270,"path":271,"coverImage":272,"publishedAt":148,"order":145},"Monophage","A monophage is a species whose caterpillars feed on only one species or genus of plant. Monophagy makes a butterfly vulnerable if that plant disappears.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fmonofag","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fmonofag.jpg",{"title":274,"description":275,"path":276,"coverImage":277,"publishedAt":148,"order":145},"Nectar","Nectar is the sweet secretion of flowers and the main energy source for adult butterflies, which drink it through the proboscis and carry pollen too.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fnektar","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fnektar.jpg",{"title":279,"description":280,"path":281,"coverImage":282,"publishedAt":148,"order":145},"Oviposition","Oviposition is egg-laying by a female butterfly, who carefully chooses a host plant, tapping leaves with her legs, and lays eggs on the underside.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fovipozitsiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fovipozitsiya.jpg",{"title":284,"description":285,"path":286,"coverImage":287,"publishedAt":148,"order":145},"Pheromones","Butterfly pheromones are chemical signals for attracting mates, marking territory, and communication. Males and females release different pheromones.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fferomon","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fferomon.jpg",{"title":289,"description":290,"path":291,"coverImage":292,"publishedAt":148,"order":145},"Pollination","Pollination is transfer of pollen from anther to stigma. Butterflies are important pollinators: they move pollen between flowers while feeding on nectar.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fopylenie","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fopylenie.jpg",{"title":294,"description":295,"path":296,"coverImage":297,"publishedAt":148,"order":145},"Polyphagy","Polyphagy is the ability to feed on a wide range of plants. Polyphagous caterpillars are less vulnerable when one host plant species is lost than monophages.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fpolifagiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fpolifagiya.jpg",{"title":299,"description":300,"path":301,"coverImage":302,"publishedAt":148,"order":145},"Proboscis","The proboscis is the mouthpart of an adult butterfly, shaped as a flexible tube for sucking nectar and other liquids. At rest it is coiled in a spiral.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fkhobotok","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fkhobotok.jpg",{"title":304,"description":305,"path":306,"coverImage":307,"publishedAt":148,"order":145},"Puddling","Puddling in butterflies is behavior where insects gather on damp soil, puddles, or droppings to obtain mineral salts and amino acids.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fpudling","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fpudling.jpg",{"title":309,"description":310,"path":311,"coverImage":312,"publishedAt":148,"order":145},"Pupa","The pupa is the third stage of complete metamorphosis, when the caterpillar transforms into a butterfly — outwardly still, but rebuilding within.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fkukolka","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fkukolka.jpg",{"title":5,"description":133,"path":147,"coverImage":132,"publishedAt":148,"order":145},{"title":315,"description":316,"path":317,"coverImage":318,"publishedAt":319,"order":145},"Reintroduction","Reintroduction is the deliberate release of captive-bred or translocated individuals into a habitat where a species has gone locally extinct, aiming to re-establish a self-sustaining wild population.","\u002Fslovar\u002Freintroduktsiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Freintroduktsiya.png","22.07.2026",{"title":321,"description":322,"path":323,"coverImage":324,"publishedAt":325,"order":145},"Relict Species","A relict species is a survivor of a once-widespread group whose range has contracted to isolated pockets — often mountaintops or glacial refuges — left over after past climate change.","\u002Fslovar\u002Freliktovyi-vid","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Freliktovyi-vid.png","01.08.2026",{"title":327,"description":328,"path":329,"coverImage":330,"publishedAt":331,"order":145},"Stenotopic Species","A stenotopic species tolerates only a narrow range of habitat conditions, unlike a eurytopic generalist that thrives across many different environments.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fstenotopnyi-vid","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fstenotopnyi-vid.png","07.08.2026",{"title":333,"description":334,"path":335,"coverImage":336,"publishedAt":148,"order":145},"Taxonomy","Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms. Butterflies belong to order Lepidoptera; taxonomy explains why the tortoiseshell is a nymphalid, not a blue.","\u002Fslovar\u002Ftaksonomiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Ftaksonomiya.jpg",{"title":338,"description":339,"path":340,"coverImage":341,"publishedAt":148,"order":145},"Thermoregulation","Thermoregulation in butterflies is maintaining working body temperature. Unable to generate heat, they warm up in sun, wings spread like solar panels.","\u002Fslovar\u002Ftermoregulyatsiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Ftermoregulyatsiya.jpg",{"title":343,"description":344,"path":345,"coverImage":346,"publishedAt":347,"order":145},"Toxin Sequestration","Toxin sequestration is when a caterpillar stores plant-derived toxins from its host plant unchanged in its own tissues, turning the plant's chemical defense into its own.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fsekvestraciya-toksinov","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fsekvestraciya-toksinov.png","19.08.2026",{"title":349,"description":350,"path":351,"coverImage":352,"publishedAt":353,"order":145},"Wing Venation","Wing venation is the pattern of hollow, rigid veins that forms a butterfly wing's supporting framework — its precise layout is a key character for identification and classification.","\u002Fslovar\u002Fzhilkovanie-kryla","\u002Fimages\u002Fslovar\u002Fzhilkovanie-kryla.png","27.07.2026",[355,356,357,358],{"label":152,"path":153,"coverImage":190,"latinName":145},{"label":155,"path":156,"coverImage":223,"latinName":145},{"label":158,"path":159,"coverImage":262,"latinName":145},{"label":161,"path":162,"coverImage":145,"latinName":145},1787125907554]