[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":752},["ShallowReactive",2],{"encyclopedia_en:\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fvivarij-dlya-babochek":3,"alt-locale:encyclopedia_en:\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fvivarij-dlya-babochek":557,"section-listing:encyclopedia_en:\u002Fentsiklopediya":585,"section-listing:disabled":745,"related-covers:en:":746,"related-covers:en:\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fbabochki-v-sadu|\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Foborudovanie-nablyudatelya|\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fzhiznennyj-tsikl|\u002Fentsiklopediya":747},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"coverImage":542,"description":543,"extension":544,"faq":545,"imagePrompt":555,"meta":556,"navigation":557,"order":558,"pageType":559,"path":560,"publishedAt":561,"readingMinutes":524,"relatedLinks":562,"seo":579,"sitemap":582,"stem":583,"tags":558,"updatedAt":558,"__hash__":584},"encyclopedia_en\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fvivarij-dlya-babochek.md","Raising Butterflies at Home",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":522},"minimark",[9,14,18,22,30,190,194,199,206,234,237,241,244,280,283,287,291,298,305,309,342,346,349,360,364,367,385,389,396,399,403,486,490,493,519],[10,11,13],"h2",{"id":12},"why-rear-butterflies","Why rear butterflies?",[15,16,17],"p",{},"Watching a caterpillar you have cared for transform into a butterfly — the chrysalis splitting, the crumpled wings pumping up to full size, the first tentative flight — is one of the most vivid natural history experiences available to a careful observer at any age. Rearing butterflies at home makes the abstract fact of metamorphosis immediate and personal. It also develops observation skills, responsibility for a living animal, and an understanding of the relationship between butterflies and specific plants that no book or video can match.",[10,19,21],{"id":20},"choosing-a-species","Choosing a species",[15,23,24,25,29],{},"The most important principle: ",[26,27,28],"strong",{},"start with a species whose host plant you can reliably supply",". A healthy, thriving caterpillar will eat continuously; if the plant runs out or wilts, the larva often dies within hours.",[31,32,33,52],"table",{},[34,35,36],"thead",{},[37,38,39,43,46,49],"tr",{},[40,41,42],"th",{},"Species",[40,44,45],{},"Host plant",[40,47,48],{},"Difficulty",[40,50,51],{},"Notes",[53,54,55,75,91,106,126,142,158,174],"tbody",{},[37,56,57,66,69,72],{},[58,59,60,61,65],"td",{},"Painted lady (",[62,63,64],"em",{},"Vanessa cardui",")",[58,67,68],{},"Thistle, nettle, mallow",[58,70,71],{},"★ Beginner",[58,73,74],{},"Commercial kits available; completes in 4–5 weeks",[37,76,77,83,86,88],{},[58,78,79,80,65],{},"Small tortoiseshell (",[62,81,82],{},"Aglais urticae",[58,84,85],{},"Stinging nettle",[58,87,71],{},[58,89,90],{},"Wild nettle patches provide free food",[37,92,93,99,101,103],{},[58,94,95,96,65],{},"Red admiral (",[62,97,98],{},"Vanessa atalanta",[58,100,85],{},[58,102,71],{},[58,104,105],{},"Caterpillars fold leaves around themselves",[37,107,108,114,120,123],{},[58,109,110,111,65],{},"Brimstone (",[62,112,113],{},"Gonepteryx rhamni",[58,115,116,117,65],{},"Buckthorn (",[62,118,119],{},"Rhamnus",[58,121,122],{},"★★ Moderate",[58,124,125],{},"Host plant must be sourced from garden centre",[37,127,128,134,137,139],{},[58,129,130,131,65],{},"Swallowtail (",[62,132,133],{},"Papilio machaon",[58,135,136],{},"Fennel, dill, parsley",[58,138,122],{},[58,140,141],{},"Spectacular; host plants grown easily in pots",[37,143,144,150,153,155],{},[58,145,146,147,65],{},"Orange tip (",[62,148,149],{},"Anthocharis cardamines",[58,151,152],{},"Garlic mustard, cuckooflower",[58,154,122],{},[58,156,157],{},"Overwinters as pupa; needs cool storage",[37,159,160,166,169,171],{},[58,161,162,163,65],{},"Comma (",[62,164,165],{},"Polygonia c-album",[58,167,168],{},"Stinging nettle, hop",[58,170,122],{},[58,172,173],{},"Two colour forms of caterpillar",[37,175,176,182,185,187],{},[58,177,178,179,65],{},"Large white (",[62,180,181],{},"Pieris brassicae",[58,183,184],{},"Cabbage, nasturtium",[58,186,71],{},[58,188,189],{},"Garden pest species; caterpillars group-living",[10,191,193],{"id":192},"equipment","Equipment",[195,196,198],"h3",{"id":197},"rearing-cage","Rearing cage",[15,200,201,202,205],{},"A ",[26,203,204],{},"ventilated mesh cage"," is the core piece of equipment. The key requirements:",[207,208,209,216,222,228],"ul",{},[210,211,212,215],"li",{},[26,213,214],{},"Mesh size",": fine enough to prevent escape of newly hatched first-instar caterpillars (mesh under 1 mm); nylon voile or fine insect mesh works well",[210,217,218,221],{},[26,219,220],{},"Size",": at least 30 × 30 × 30 cm for most species; larger (50 × 50 × 50 cm or more) for large species like the swallowtail, to allow wing expansion on emergence",[210,223,224,227],{},[26,225,226],{},"Ventilation",": all-mesh sides or top; never fully sealed",[210,229,230,233],{},[26,231,232],{},"Access",": a zipper or Velcro flap for inserting food plants and removing waste",[15,235,236],{},"Commercial butterfly rearing cages are sold online at modest cost. A DIY alternative: cut windows in all sides of a cardboard box, glue fine mesh over the openings, and seal the base with a plastic sheet for easy cleaning.",[195,238,240],{"id":239},"host-plants","Host plants",[15,242,243],{},"Growing host plants in pots provides the most reliable food supply:",[207,245,246,256,261,267],{},[210,247,248,251,252,255],{},[26,249,250],{},"Fennel"," (",[62,253,254],{},"Foeniculum vulgare",") for swallowtail — grows easily from seed in a 20 cm pot, producing enough for one or two caterpillars through to pupation",[210,257,258,260],{},[26,259,85],{}," — cut stems placed in a small jar of water last several days and can be replaced; or pot up a clump from the garden",[210,262,263,266],{},[26,264,265],{},"Cabbage or nasturtium"," for large and small white — widely available",[210,268,269,251,272,275,276,279],{},[26,270,271],{},"Buckthorn",[62,273,274],{},"Rhamnus cathartica"," or ",[62,277,278],{},"Frangula alnus",") for brimstone — available from native plant nurseries",[15,281,282],{},"Avoid collecting host plants from roadsides with heavy traffic (exhaust deposits are toxic to caterpillars) or from areas where herbicides are used.",[10,284,286],{"id":285},"step-by-step-rearing","Step-by-step rearing",[195,288,290],{"id":289},"finding-eggs-and-caterpillars","Finding eggs and caterpillars",[15,292,293,294,297],{},"The easiest starting point is searching for ",[26,295,296],{},"eggs on host plants"," in the field. Butterfly eggs are typically laid on or near the foodplant; look on the undersides of leaves and on young shoots. Most butterfly eggs are 0.5–2 mm, globular, and visible with a hand lens. Newly hatched first-instar caterpillars are very small and fragile — handle with a fine paintbrush.",[15,299,300,301,304],{},"Alternatively, ",[26,302,303],{},"second or third instar caterpillars"," found on host plants in the field are much more robust and easier to establish in a cage. For beginners, starting with a visibly active caterpillar rather than an egg reduces early failure.",[195,306,308],{"id":307},"feeding-and-daily-care","Feeding and daily care",[310,311,312,318,324,330,336],"ol",{},[210,313,314,317],{},[26,315,316],{},"Replace food plant"," before it wilts — fresh is always better than wilted",[210,319,320,323],{},[26,321,322],{},"Clean the cage floor"," daily or every two days — frass (droppings) is harmless but damp frass promotes mould",[210,325,326,329],{},[26,327,328],{},"Avoid direct sunlight"," on the cage — temperatures above 35 °C kill caterpillars",[210,331,332,335],{},[26,333,334],{},"Do not mist or spray"," inside the cage — excess moisture causes fatal bacterial infections",[210,337,338,341],{},[26,339,340],{},"Handle caterpillars as little as possible"," — let them walk onto fresh sprigs rather than picking them up",[195,343,345],{"id":344},"pupation","Pupation",[15,347,348],{},"When a mature caterpillar stops feeding, wanders restlessly, and begins to shrink slightly, it is ready to pupate. At this point:",[207,350,351,354,357],{},[210,352,353],{},"Ensure the cage has suitable pupation sites — rough surfaces, twigs, or hanging mesh where the caterpillar can attach its silk pad and cremaster",[210,355,356],{},"Do not disturb the caterpillar during pre-pupal quiescence (the contracted, immobile stage before the skin splits)",[210,358,359],{},"The chrysalis forms within hours of the final skin split; leave it completely undisturbed for 24 hours",[195,361,363],{"id":362},"overwintering-pupae","Overwintering pupae",[15,365,366],{},"Species that overwinter in the pupal stage — orange tip, brimstone, most European swallowtail subspecies — must experience a cool winter period (4–8 °C) to break diapause and trigger spring emergence. Options:",[207,368,369,376,382],{},[210,370,371,372,375],{},"An ",[26,373,374],{},"unheated garage, shed, or outbuilding"," provides natural temperature fluctuations and is ideal",[210,377,201,378,381],{},[26,379,380],{},"refrigerator"," set to 4–6 °C works; check every few weeks and mist lightly if the pupa looks desiccated",[210,383,384],{},"Never allow pupae to freeze solid; never keep overwintering pupae in a warm room",[195,386,388],{"id":387},"emergence-and-release","Emergence and release",[15,390,391,392,395],{},"Adult emergence occurs rapidly — the chrysalis becomes transparent in the hours before eclosion, then splits and the butterfly emerges over several minutes. The ",[26,393,394],{},"wings must expand fully before the adult moves"," — typically 2–3 hours in a warm room. Disturbing an adult before its wings are fully hardened causes permanent wing deformities.",[15,397,398],{},"Release the adult into the garden on a warm, calm, sunny day, near the host plant of its species. Adults should be released within their natural range — do not release non-native species outdoors.",[10,400,402],{"id":401},"common-problems-and-solutions","Common problems and solutions",[31,404,405,418],{},[34,406,407],{},[37,408,409,412,415],{},[40,410,411],{},"Problem",[40,413,414],{},"Likely cause",[40,416,417],{},"Solution",[53,419,420,431,442,453,464,475],{},[37,421,422,425,428],{},[58,423,424],{},"Caterpillar dies suddenly",[58,426,427],{},"Bacterial infection from damp frass",[58,429,430],{},"Clean cage more frequently; improve ventilation",[37,432,433,436,439],{},[58,434,435],{},"Caterpillar stops eating",[58,437,438],{},"Preparing to moult (normal) or too hot",[58,440,441],{},"Wait 24–48 h; check temperature",[37,443,444,447,450],{},[58,445,446],{},"Black-spotted caterpillar",[58,448,449],{},"Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) — fatal",[58,451,452],{},"Remove immediately; disinfect cage",[37,454,455,458,461],{},[58,456,457],{},"Pupa shrivels",[58,459,460],{},"Desiccation in overwintering storage",[58,462,463],{},"Mist lightly with water; check for condensation",[37,465,466,469,472],{},[58,467,468],{},"Adult emerges with crumpled wings",[58,470,471],{},"Disturbed during wing expansion",[58,473,474],{},"Prevention only; once hardened, deformity is permanent",[37,476,477,480,483],{},[58,478,479],{},"Mould on cage or plant stems",[58,481,482],{},"Excess moisture",[58,484,485],{},"Remove mouldy material; increase air circulation",[10,487,489],{"id":488},"ethics-and-responsibility","Ethics and responsibility",[15,491,492],{},"Rearing butterflies at home, done thoughtfully, has no negative impact on wild populations — collecting a few eggs or caterpillars from a large, healthy population is ecologically insignificant. The key ethical rules:",[207,494,495,501,507,513],{},[210,496,497,500],{},[26,498,499],{},"Never collect protected species"," (check your national red list)",[210,502,503,506],{},[26,504,505],{},"Never release non-native species"," into the wild",[210,508,509,512],{},[26,510,511],{},"Do not over-collect",": take no more than 5–10 eggs or caterpillars from any single patch of host plant",[210,514,515,518],{},[26,516,517],{},"Dispose of dead animals, frass, and used host plant"," in general household waste, not in compost that goes back to the garden (to prevent pathogen spread)",[15,520,521],{},"The experience gained from rearing even a single species to adult dramatically improves field recognition skills, ecological understanding, and the depth of enjoyment in future butterfly watching.",{"title":523,"searchDepth":524,"depth":524,"links":525},"",2,[526,527,528,533,540,541],{"id":12,"depth":524,"text":13},{"id":20,"depth":524,"text":21},{"id":192,"depth":524,"text":193,"children":529},[530,532],{"id":197,"depth":531,"text":198},3,{"id":239,"depth":531,"text":240},{"id":285,"depth":524,"text":286,"children":534},[535,536,537,538,539],{"id":289,"depth":531,"text":290},{"id":307,"depth":531,"text":308},{"id":344,"depth":531,"text":345},{"id":362,"depth":531,"text":363},{"id":387,"depth":531,"text":388},{"id":401,"depth":524,"text":402},{"id":488,"depth":524,"text":489},"\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fvivarij-dlya-babochek.png","Raising butterflies through metamorphosis, from egg to adult, is a rewarding home experience — equipment, host plants, and care for common European species.","md",[546,549,552],{"q":547,"a":548},"Which butterflies are easiest to rear at home?","For beginners in Europe, the easiest species to rear are those with widespread, easily grown host plants and robust caterpillars. The painted lady (Vanessa cardui) feeds on thistles and stinging nettle — both easily obtained — and completes its cycle in 4–6 weeks in warm conditions; commercial rearing kits are available. The small tortoiseshell (Aglais urticae) and red admiral (Vanessa atalanta) both use stinging nettles, which can be potted in the garden. The swallowtail (Papilio machaon) is spectacular and rewarding: the caterpillar feeds on fennel, dill, or parsley (all easily grown in pots), is large and colourful, and produces a beautiful chrysalis. These four species cover the range from genuinely easy (painted lady) to impressive but manageable (swallowtail).",{"q":550,"a":551},"Do I need special equipment to rear butterflies?","The minimum requirement is a **ventilated mesh cage** large enough to hold fresh potted host plants and to allow the adult to expand its wings fully after emergence. Basic rearing cages — a simple cube or cylinder of fine mesh over a wooden or wire frame — are sold in garden centres and online, or can be made from a cardboard box with mesh windows cut in the sides and top. Avoid airtight containers: condensation causes mould, which kills pupae. A potted host plant inside the cage provides both food for the caterpillar and a natural surface for pupation. No heat lamp or humidity control is needed for temperate species reared indoors in a normally heated room. The main additional need is a reliable supply of fresh host plant — this is often the limiting factor.",{"q":553,"a":554},"Is it legal to collect caterpillars and eggs in the wild?","Legal status varies by country, region, and species. In most European countries, collecting eggs and caterpillars of common species from private land (with the landowner's permission) or from roadsides is not regulated. However, collection from national parks, nature reserves, or Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs in the UK) is prohibited. Protected species — for example, large blue (Phengaris arion), scarce large blue, and most Parnassius species — may not be collected in any form anywhere in their range. Before collecting, check national legislation: in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, federal nature protection laws are stricter than in the UK. The safest and most ethical starting point is to purchase eggs or caterpillars from a licensed butterfly farm or to begin with a commercially available painted lady kit.","Photorealistic close-up photo, Papilio machaon swallowtail butterfly freshly emerged from chrysalis on green fennel stem inside mesh rearing cage, wings still expanding, bright natural window light, soft home background, 16:9",{},true,null,"encyclopedia","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fvivarij-dlya-babochek","27.08.2026",[563,567,571,575],{"label":564,"path":565,"description":566},"Butterfly Garden Design","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fbabochki-v-sadu","Designing a garden to attract butterflies",{"label":568,"path":569,"description":570},"Observer Equipment Guide","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Foborudovanie-nablyudatelya","Optics and cameras for butterfly watching",{"label":572,"path":573,"description":574},"Life cycle of butterflies","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fzhiznennyj-tsikl","Complete metamorphosis explained",{"label":576,"path":577,"description":578},"Encyclopedia","\u002Fentsiklopediya","All butterfly ecology and natural history articles",{"title":580,"description":581},"Raising Butterflies at Home — Rearing Cage, Host Plants, Step-by-Step Guide","How to rear butterflies through metamorphosis at home: choosing species, rearing cage setup, host plants, caterpillar care, overwintering pupae, and releasing adults.",{"loc":560},"entsiklopediya\u002Fvivarij-dlya-babochek","fYjo6fE7EelS9ai1NUMAOWl2jN9ZWFN7U7GZ2UBfwW0",[586,592,598,604,610,616,622,628,633,639,645,651,656,662,668,674,675,681,687,693,699,705,712,717,722,728,733,739],{"title":587,"description":588,"path":589,"coverImage":590,"publishedAt":591,"order":558},"Butterflies and the Future: Modelling Range Shifts and Extinction Risk","Climate change is projected to redraw where butterflies can live — modelled winners expand, mountain and northern specialists run out of habitat.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fbabochki-budushchego","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fbabochki-budushchego.png","20.07.2026",{"title":593,"description":594,"path":595,"coverImage":596,"publishedAt":597,"order":558},"Butterflies as Agricultural Pests","A small number of butterfly species damage crops as caterpillars feed on plants — cabbage whites are most important, plus legume and fruit-tree pests.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fbabochki-vrediteli","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fbabochki-vrediteli.png","05.09.2026",{"title":599,"description":600,"path":601,"coverImage":602,"publishedAt":603,"order":558},"Butterflies as Pollinators: Their Role in Ecosystems","Butterflies are the world's most visible pollinators — but how does their contribution compare to bees? Ecology of butterfly pollination and decline.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fbabochki-i-opyleniye","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fbabochki-i-opyleniye.png","02.10.2026",{"title":605,"description":606,"path":607,"coverImage":608,"publishedAt":609,"order":558},"Butterflies in Art and Culture","Butterflies have inspired art, mythology, and belief on every continent — from ancient Egypt to Nabokov's fiction, one of humanity's most resonant symbols.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fbabochki-v-kulture","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fbabochki-v-kulture.png","18.08.2026",{"title":611,"description":612,"path":613,"coverImage":614,"publishedAt":615,"order":558},"Butterflies of Meadows and Steppes","Meadows and steppes support the richest butterfly communities in the temperate world, but face drastic losses across temperate Eurasia.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fbabochki-lugov-i-stepej","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fbabochki-lugov-i-stepej.png","06.08.2026",{"title":617,"description":618,"path":619,"coverImage":620,"publishedAt":621,"order":558},"Butterflies of Mountain Ecosystems","Mountain butterflies face extreme conditions — intense UV, cold nights, thin air — yet alpine zones support specialised, spectacular communities.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fgornie-babochki","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fgornie-babochki.png","31.07.2026",{"title":623,"description":624,"path":625,"coverImage":626,"publishedAt":627,"order":558},"Butterflies of Tropical Forests","Tropical forests cover less than 7% of Earth's land, but harbour over half of all butterfly species, spread across forest layers and under growing threat.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fbabochki-tropicheskih-lesov","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fbabochki-tropicheskih-lesov.png","12.05.2026",{"title":629,"description":630,"path":569,"coverImage":631,"publishedAt":632,"order":558},"Butterfly Observer's Equipment","You need very little to start watching butterflies — good binoculars and a field guide take you most of the way. This covers essential and optional gear.","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Foborudovanie-nablyudatelya.png","22.05.2026",{"title":634,"description":635,"path":636,"coverImage":637,"publishedAt":638,"order":558},"Butterfly vs. Moth: What Actually Separates Them","Butterflies and moths are not formally separate scientific groups — the popular distinction rests on a handful of unreliable rules of thumb rather than a single defining trait.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fbabochka-i-molj-razlichiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fbabochka-i-molj-razlichiya.png","24.09.2026",{"title":640,"description":641,"path":642,"coverImage":643,"publishedAt":644,"order":558},"Evolution of Butterflies: 150 Million Years","Butterflies are a young branch of Lepidoptera with ancient roots. From Jurassic moths to explosive diversity with flowers — their 150-million-year story.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fevolyuciya-babochek","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fevolyuciya-babochek.png","14.09.2026",{"title":646,"description":647,"path":648,"coverImage":649,"publishedAt":650,"order":558},"History of Butterfly Research: From Aristotle to the Genomic Era","The study of butterflies spans two thousand years, from Aristotle to DNA classification. A history of lepidopterology's explorers and scientists.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fistoriya-izucheniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fistoriya-izucheniya.png","23.09.2026",{"title":652,"description":653,"path":565,"coverImage":654,"publishedAt":655,"order":558},"How to Attract Butterflies to Your Garden","A butterfly-friendly garden needs the right nectar and host plants, sunny sheltered spots, and minimal pesticide use to support butterflies year-round.","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fbabochki-v-sadu.png","15.05.2026",{"title":657,"description":658,"path":659,"coverImage":660,"publishedAt":661,"order":558},"How to Photograph Butterflies","Butterfly photography rewards patience and technique. This guide covers camera settings, approach methods, light conditions, and getting sharp close-up shots.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fkak-fotografirovat-babochek","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fkak-fotografirovat-babochek.png","19.05.2026",{"title":663,"description":664,"path":665,"coverImage":666,"publishedAt":667,"order":558},"Mimicry and Camouflage in Butterflies","How butterflies use Batesian and Müllerian mimicry, warning colours, and camouflage to survive — from mocker swallowtails to dead-leaf butterflies.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fmimikriya-i-maskirovka","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fmimikriya-i-maskirovka.png","24.07.2026",{"title":669,"description":670,"path":671,"coverImage":672,"publishedAt":673,"order":558},"Monarch Butterfly Migration — One of Nature's Greatest Journeys","Every autumn, monarch butterflies travel up to 4,500km from Canada to Mexican mountain forests — navigation and multigenerational memory puzzle science.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fmigratsiya-monarkha","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fmigratsiya-monarkha.png","08.05.2026",{"title":5,"description":543,"path":560,"coverImage":542,"publishedAt":561,"order":558},{"title":676,"description":677,"path":678,"coverImage":679,"publishedAt":680,"order":558},"Red Data Book Butterflies of Russia","Russia's Red Data Book 2020 list: categories 0–5 and which day-flying butterflies are actually listed. What that means for observers.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fkrasnaya-kniga-babochek-rossii","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fkrasnaya-kniga-babochek-rossii.png","26.05.2026",{"title":682,"description":683,"path":684,"coverImage":685,"publishedAt":686,"order":558},"Sexual Selection","Sexual selection is evolution driven by mate choice or mating competition rather than survival alone — it explains many of the most extravagant colours and behaviours in butterflies.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fpolovoi-otbor","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fpolovoi-otbor.png","03.10.2026",{"title":688,"description":689,"path":690,"coverImage":691,"publishedAt":692,"order":558},"The Global IUCN Red List and Butterfly Conservation Status","How the IUCN Red List assesses butterfly extinction risk worldwide, and why so few of the roughly 18,000 known species have been formally evaluated.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fkrasnaya-kniga-babochek-mira","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fkrasnaya-kniga-babochek-mira.png","22.07.2026",{"title":694,"description":695,"path":696,"coverImage":697,"publishedAt":698,"order":558},"The Rarest Butterflies in the World","Thousands of butterflies face extinction, but a few now survive on a thread — a handful of sites or one habitat patch. A guide to the rarest species.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fredkie-vidy-mira","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fredkie-vidy-mira.png","11.10.2026",{"title":700,"description":701,"path":702,"coverImage":703,"publishedAt":704,"order":558},"Wing Scales and Structural Colour: How a Butterfly's Wing Actually Works","Why butterfly wings are covered in microscopic scales, and how some colours — like Morpho blue — come from physical structure rather than pigment.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fstroenie-kryla-babochki","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fstroenie-kryla-babochki.png","26.07.2026",{"title":706,"description":707,"path":708,"coverImage":709,"publishedAt":710,"order":711},"What Are Butterflies","Butterflies are insects of the order Lepidoptera with four wings covered in scales. More than 157,000 species exist worldwide.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fchto-takoe-babochki","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fchto-takoe-babochki.png","01.05.2026",1,{"title":713,"description":714,"path":715,"coverImage":716,"publishedAt":710,"order":524},"How Many Butterfly Species Exist","About 157,000 lepidopteran species are described worldwide. Day-flying butterflies number about 20,000 species. Including undiscovered species, estimates reach 180,000–200,000.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fskolko-vidov-babochek-sushchestvuet","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fskolko-vidov-babochek-sushchestvuet.png",{"title":718,"description":719,"path":720,"coverImage":721,"publishedAt":710,"order":531},"How Butterflies Differ from Moths","Butterflies and moths are both lepidopterans, but differ in antennae, resting posture, and activity time. We examine the features with examples.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fbabochki-i-motylki","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fbabochki-i-motylki.png",{"title":723,"description":724,"path":725,"coverImage":726,"publishedAt":710,"order":727},"Popular Butterfly Species","The best-known butterflies of the world: swallowtail, red admiral, peacock, Apollo, monarch — descriptions and where to find them.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fpopulyarnye-vidy-babochek","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fpopulyarnye-vidy-babochek.png",4,{"title":729,"description":730,"path":573,"coverImage":731,"publishedAt":710,"order":732},"Butterfly Life Cycle","The butterfly life cycle has four stages: egg, caterpillar, pupa, and adult. Complete metamorphosis lasts from several weeks to several years.","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fzhiznennyj-tsikl.png",5,{"title":734,"description":735,"path":736,"coverImage":737,"publishedAt":710,"order":738},"Where Butterflies Live","Butterflies inhabit all climatic zones except Antarctica. We explore biotopes: tropics, meadows, forests, mountains, steppes, tundra, and cities.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fgde-obitayut-babochki","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fgde-obitayut-babochki.png",6,{"title":740,"description":741,"path":742,"coverImage":743,"publishedAt":710,"order":744},"How to Use the Atlas","Guide to using the butterfly atlas: how to identify a species, how sections are organized, and how to use the identification guide and encyclopedia.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fkak-polzovatsya-atlasom","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fkak-polzovatsya-atlasom.png",7,[],[],[748,749,750,751],{"label":564,"path":565,"description":566,"coverImage":654,"latinName":558},{"label":568,"path":569,"description":570,"coverImage":631,"latinName":558},{"label":572,"path":573,"description":574,"coverImage":731,"latinName":558},{"label":576,"path":577,"description":578,"coverImage":558,"latinName":558},1791911194115]