[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":495},["ShallowReactive",2],{"encyclopedia_en:\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fmigratsiya-monarkha":3,"alt-locale:encyclopedia_en:\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fmigratsiya-monarkha":337,"section-listing:disabled":371,"related-covers:en:":372,"section-listing:encyclopedia_en:\u002Fentsiklopediya":373,"related-covers:en:\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmonarh|\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika|\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fmeksika|\u002Fentsiklopediya":487},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"coverImage":322,"description":323,"extension":324,"faq":325,"imagePrompt":335,"meta":336,"navigation":337,"order":338,"pageType":339,"path":340,"publishedAt":341,"readingMinutes":342,"relatedLinks":343,"seo":360,"sitemap":363,"stem":365,"tags":366,"updatedAt":364,"__hash__":370},"encyclopedia_en\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fmigratsiya-monarkha.md","Monarch Butterfly Migration — One of Nature's Greatest Journeys",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":303},"minimark",[9,14,28,35,39,42,48,54,68,72,77,84,87,91,94,98,101,105,108,112,123,130,137,141,155,162,169,173,188,192,195,235,238,242,249,274,277,281],[10,11,13],"h2",{"id":12},"the-phenomenon","The phenomenon",[15,16,17,18,22,23,27],"p",{},"Each autumn, eastern North America witnesses one of the most dramatic animal migrations on Earth. ",[19,20,21],"strong",{},"Hundreds of millions of monarch butterflies"," (",[24,25,26],"em",{},"Danaus plexippus",") leave their summer breeding grounds across Canada and the northern United States and funnel south and southwest, converging on a pinpoint destination: a cluster of Oyamel fir forest at 2,400–3,600 m in the Sierra Madre of Michoacán, Mexico. There, at roughly twelve overwintering sites typically covering 1–20 ha each, the entire eastern population clusters on trees so densely that branches bend under their weight.",[15,29,30,31,34],{},"No individual monarch has made this journey before. No individual monarch will make the return journey in spring. The butterflies that reach Mexico are the ",[19,32,33],{},"fourth or fifth generation"," of the year — descendants of those that left Mexico the previous spring. Yet they navigate unerringly to the same forest patches their ancestors used, on a route no living butterfly has ever flown.",[10,36,38],{"id":37},"the-four-generation-cycle","The four-generation cycle",[15,40,41],{},"A monarch's normal adult lifespan in summer is two to six weeks. The annual cycle of the eastern population involves four or five distinct generations:",[15,43,44,47],{},[19,45,46],{},"Generation 1 (March–April):"," The overwintering monarchs in Mexico begin to stir as days lengthen. They mate and begin moving north, reaching the southern United States (Texas, Oklahoma, Florida). Females lay eggs on the first milkweed of the year. These adults die in Mexico or shortly after reaching the US.",[15,49,50,53],{},[19,51,52],{},"Generations 2 and 3 (May–July):"," Successive short-lived summer generations breed northward through the continent, following the emergence of milkweed. Each generation lives two to six weeks. By midsummer, monarchs are breeding in southern Canada.",[15,55,56,59,60,63,64,67],{},[19,57,58],{},"Generation 4 — the migrant (late July–October):"," Something changes in the last summer generation. Instead of maturing sexually within weeks, these adults enter ",[19,61,62],{},"reproductive diapause"," — their gonads remain undeveloped, their metabolism slows, and their lifespan extends to seven or eight months. They are the ones that will fly to Mexico, overwinter, mate in spring, and begin the northward movement again. This generation is sometimes called the ",[19,65,66],{},"Methuselah generation"," for its extraordinary longevity compared to summer adults.",[10,69,71],{"id":70},"navigation-mechanisms","Navigation mechanisms",[73,74,76],"h3",{"id":75},"the-sun-compass","The sun compass",[15,78,79,80,83],{},"Monarchs maintain a consistent heading using a ",[19,81,82],{},"time-compensated sun compass"," housed in the antennae and brain. The circadian clock in the antenna adjusts for the sun's apparent movement across the sky, allowing the butterfly to hold a constant south-southwest course regardless of the time of day. Remove the antennae, and the butterfly loses directional ability. Keep it in constant light (disrupting the clock), and it flies in random directions.",[15,85,86],{},"The compass is calibrated: monarchs from different parts of the breeding range all converge on the same destination, implying that the inherited heading is not a fixed angle but is adjusted based on position.",[73,88,90],{"id":89},"magnetic-sensing","Magnetic sensing",[15,92,93],{},"Several experiments have provided evidence that monarchs also detect the Earth's magnetic field. Exposing migrants to a shifted magnetic field causes predictable changes in heading. The sensory mechanism is not yet identified — iron-containing magnetite crystals have been found in the abdomen, but whether these are the primary magnetic sensor is uncertain.",[73,95,97],{"id":96},"skylight-polarisation","Skylight polarisation",[15,99,100],{},"Monarchs can detect the pattern of polarised light in the sky — useful for orientation when the sun is obscured by cloud or near the horizon. This may extend the sun compass into twilight conditions.",[73,102,104],{"id":103},"landscape-and-instinct","Landscape and instinct",[15,106,107],{},"On a large scale, the migration follows landscape features: the Rocky Mountains funnel western migrants toward California; the Appalachians and coastline shape eastern routes. Local funnelling points — coastal capes, ridges, lakeshore peninsulas — can concentrate thousands of migrants. These landscape-level cues interact with the inherited directional tendency to guide the butterflies to their destination.",[10,109,111],{"id":110},"the-overwintering-sites","The overwintering sites",[15,113,114,115,118,119,122],{},"The ",[19,116,117],{},"Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve"," in Michoacán, Mexico, protects the core overwintering sites. These are Oyamel fir (",[24,120,121],{},"Abies religiosa",") forests at high elevation, where the cool temperatures keep monarchs in a semi-dormant state that conserves energy through winter. The dense clustering provides microclimate stability — a single butterfly would freeze on a cold night; millions clustered together maintain enough warmth to survive.",[15,124,125,126,129],{},"The reserve was inscribed as a ",[19,127,128],{},"UNESCO World Heritage Site"," in 2008. Before protection, logging — both legal and illegal — had severely reduced the old-growth Oyamel forest. Since the reserve's establishment, forest cover has partially recovered, though illegal logging continues to be a problem.",[15,131,132,133,136],{},"In a warm winter, monarchs become active and consume fat reserves too quickly; in an unusually cold snap, mass mortality can occur. The overwintering sites are monitored annually: population is measured by the ",[19,134,135],{},"area of forest covered"," (hectares) rather than individual count, as individual counting is impossible. Peak populations in the late 1990s exceeded 18 hectares; recent years have seen as few as 2 hectares, with some recovery to 4–7 hectares after conservation efforts.",[10,138,140],{"id":139},"the-milkweed-crisis","The milkweed crisis",[15,142,143,144,22,147,150,151,154],{},"Monarchs breed exclusively on ",[19,145,146],{},"milkweed",[24,148,149],{},"Asclepias"," spp.) — the only plants their caterpillars can eat. Adult monarchs also sequester ",[19,152,153],{},"cardenolide toxins"," from milkweed into their tissues, making them unpalatable to most birds (the blue jay famously learns to avoid monarchs through trial and error).",[15,156,157,158,161],{},"The loss of milkweed from the agricultural landscape of the midwestern United States is widely considered the primary driver of monarch decline. The adoption of ",[19,159,160],{},"herbicide-tolerant (Roundup-Ready) crops"," in the 1990s–2000s allowed widespread application of glyphosate across corn and soybean fields. Milkweed — previously common as a weed in field margins and between rows — was eliminated from the most productive agricultural areas of the migration corridor.",[15,163,164,165,168],{},"Conservative estimates suggest common milkweed (",[24,166,167],{},"Asclepias syriaca",") declined by more than a billion plants from the US Midwest between 1995 and 2013. This agricultural milkweed was an enormous breeding resource that has not been replaced by roadsides and gardens alone.",[10,170,172],{"id":171},"the-western-population","The western population",[15,174,175,176,179,180,183,184,187],{},"A separate, smaller ",[19,177,178],{},"western population"," overwinters along the California coast, primarily at ",[19,181,182],{},"Pacific Grove"," and ",[19,185,186],{},"Pismo Beach"," on the central California coast. These monarchs breed west of the Rocky Mountains and travel a shorter distance — typically 1,000–1,500 km. The California overwintering population has declined even more steeply than the eastern population, with counts dropping from over a million individuals in the 1980s to fewer than 30,000 in some recent winters, though numbers have partially recovered.",[10,189,191],{"id":190},"other-migratory-butterflies","Other migratory butterflies",[15,193,194],{},"The monarch's migration is the most famous but not unique. Other notable migratory Lepidoptera:",[196,197,198,208,217,226],"ul",{},[199,200,201,22,204,207],"li",{},[19,202,203],{},"Painted Lady",[24,205,206],{},"Vanessa cardui","): makes a multigenerational migration between sub-Saharan Africa and northern Europe, covering up to 15,000 km in total across generations — recently confirmed as the world's longest butterfly migration",[199,209,210,22,213,216],{},[19,211,212],{},"Red Admiral",[24,214,215],{},"Vanessa atalanta","): partially migratory in Europe; autumn southward movement confirmed by radar tracking",[199,218,219,22,222,225],{},[19,220,221],{},"Cloudless Sulphur",[24,223,224],{},"Phoebis sennae","): visible autumn migration along the eastern US coast, though shorter than monarch migration",[199,227,228,22,231,234],{},[19,229,230],{},"Common Jezebel",[24,232,233],{},"Delias nigrina","): altitudinal migrant in eastern Australia",[15,236,237],{},"None of these approaches the monarch's combination of distance, directionality, and population size.",[10,239,241],{"id":240},"conservation","Conservation",[15,243,244,245,248],{},"The monarch is currently listed as ",[19,246,247],{},"Endangered"," on the IUCN Red List (assessed 2022), reflecting the steep population declines since the 1990s. Key conservation measures include:",[196,250,251,257,262,268],{},[199,252,253,256],{},[19,254,255],{},"Milkweed restoration",": citizen science programmes (e.g. Monarch Watch, Journey North) promote milkweed planting in gardens and on conservation land across the breeding range",[199,258,259,261],{},[19,260,117],{},": continued protection and restoration of Oyamel forest in Mexico",[199,263,264,267],{},[19,265,266],{},"Agricultural partnerships",": some US farmers have enrolled field margins in conservation programmes that maintain milkweed corridors",[199,269,270,273],{},[19,271,272],{},"Waystation network",": certified monarch waystations — gardens and public spaces with milkweed and nectar plants — number over 35,000 across North America",[15,275,276],{},"The monarch has become the most prominent symbol of pollinator conservation in North America and attracts substantial public engagement. Several US states have designated the monarch as their state insect or state butterfly.",[10,278,280],{"id":279},"interesting-facts","Interesting facts",[196,282,283,286,289,300],{},[199,284,285],{},"The Oyamel fir forests used by monarchs are the same forests used by their ancestors for at least tens of thousands of years — the site fidelity is encoded in the species' genome, not learned behaviour",[199,287,288],{},"Monarchs can fly up to 80–100 km per day during autumn migration, using thermal air columns to soar and glide, minimising energy expenditure",[199,290,291,292,295,296,299],{},"The monarch's orange-and-black warning pattern is mimicked by the Viceroy butterfly (",[24,293,294],{},"Limenitis archippus","), which was long believed to be non-toxic but is now known to be slightly unpalatable itself — making the relationship ",[19,297,298],{},"Müllerian mimicry"," (mutual benefit) rather than Batesian (bluff)",[199,301,302],{},"During overwintering, the clustering monarchs occasionally burst into flight in a thermal event — millions of orange wings against the Mexican mountain sky — one of the most spectacular natural sights in the Americas",{"title":304,"searchDepth":305,"depth":305,"links":306},"",2,[307,308,309,316,317,318,319,320,321],{"id":12,"depth":305,"text":13},{"id":37,"depth":305,"text":38},{"id":70,"depth":305,"text":71,"children":310},[311,313,314,315],{"id":75,"depth":312,"text":76},3,{"id":89,"depth":312,"text":90},{"id":96,"depth":312,"text":97},{"id":103,"depth":312,"text":104},{"id":110,"depth":305,"text":111},{"id":139,"depth":305,"text":140},{"id":171,"depth":305,"text":172},{"id":190,"depth":305,"text":191},{"id":240,"depth":305,"text":241},{"id":279,"depth":305,"text":280},"\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fmigratsiya-monarkha.png","Every autumn, monarch butterflies travel up to 4,500km from Canada to Mexican mountain forests — navigation and multigenerational memory puzzle science.","md",[326,329,332],{"q":327,"a":328},"How far do monarch butterflies migrate?","The eastern North American monarch population travels up to 4,500 km (2,800 miles) between its summer breeding range in southern Canada and the northern United States and its overwintering sites in the Oyamel fir forests of Michoacán, Mexico, at elevations of 2,400–3,600 m. The western population, smaller in number, migrates up to 1,500 km to overwintering sites along the California coast. Individual monarchs make the journey once — the autumn migrant generation that reaches Mexico does not return north; instead, their descendants make the northward journey in spring.",{"q":330,"a":331},"How do monarch butterflies know where to go?","Monarchs navigate using a time-compensated sun compass — they track the position of the sun and compensate for its movement across the sky using their internal circadian clock. This allows them to maintain a consistent south-southwest heading in autumn regardless of the time of day. Evidence also suggests they use the Earth's magnetic field as a backup or supplementary compass, particularly on overcast days. Most remarkably, the autumn migrant monarchs have never made the journey before — the directional information is encoded genetically, not learned.",{"q":333,"a":334},"Why are monarch butterflies declining?","The eastern monarch population has declined by an estimated 80–90% since the 1990s. The primary causes are: (1) loss of milkweed (Asclepias) from the agricultural midwestern United States due to herbicide-resistant crop systems; (2) deforestation of Oyamel fir overwintering habitat in Mexico; (3) climate change altering the timing of migration and the availability of milkweed. Conservation efforts include milkweed planting programmes across the migration corridor and legal protection of the Mexican overwintering sites as the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve (UNESCO World Heritage Site).","Photorealistic nature photo, millions of monarch butterflies covering Oyamel fir trees in Sierra Madre mountains Mexico, dense orange clusters on branches, some in flight creating an orange cloud, misty mountain forest atmosphere, 16:9",{},true,null,"encyclopedia","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fmigratsiya-monarkha","08.05.2026",1,[344,348,352,356],{"label":345,"path":346,"description":347},"Monarch","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmonarh","Danaus plexippus — the hero of the greatest migration",{"label":349,"path":350,"description":351},"North America","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika","Atlas of the butterflies of North America",{"label":353,"path":354,"description":355},"Mexico","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fmeksika","The monarch's overwintering forests in Mexico",{"label":357,"path":358,"description":359},"Encyclopedia","\u002Fentsiklopediya","All articles on butterfly ecology and natural history",{"title":361,"description":362},"Monarch Butterfly Migration — Biology, Route, Navigation, Conservation","How and why monarch butterflies migrate 4,500 km to Mexico each autumn. Navigation by sun compass, the multigenerational mystery, overwintering in Michoacán, and conservation challenges.",{"loc":340,"lastmod":364},"08.07.2026","entsiklopediya\u002Fmigratsiya-monarkha",[367,368,369,240,349],"migration","monarch","ecology","WLT7GFAlTxCWo7sw1ImNjs7OyhRHtzh3pZBpmvS36HI",[],[],[374,380,386,392,398,404,410,416,422,428,429,435,441,447,453,458,463,469,475,481],{"title":375,"description":376,"path":377,"coverImage":378,"publishedAt":379,"order":338},"Butterflies and the Future: Modelling Range Shifts and Extinction Risk","Climate change is projected to redraw where butterflies can live — modelled winners expand, mountain and northern specialists run out of habitat.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fbabochki-budushchego","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fbabochki-budushchego.png","20.07.2026",{"title":381,"description":382,"path":383,"coverImage":384,"publishedAt":385,"order":338},"Butterflies in Art and Culture","Butterflies have inspired art, mythology, and belief on every continent — from ancient Egypt to Nabokov's fiction, one of humanity's most resonant symbols.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fbabochki-v-kulture","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fbabochki-v-kulture.png","18.08.2026",{"title":387,"description":388,"path":389,"coverImage":390,"publishedAt":391,"order":338},"Butterflies of Meadows and Steppes","Meadows and steppes support the richest butterfly communities in the temperate world, but face drastic losses across temperate Eurasia.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fbabochki-lugov-i-stepej","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fbabochki-lugov-i-stepej.png","06.08.2026",{"title":393,"description":394,"path":395,"coverImage":396,"publishedAt":397,"order":338},"Butterflies of Mountain Ecosystems","Mountain butterflies face extreme conditions — intense UV, cold nights, thin air — yet alpine zones support specialised, spectacular communities.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fgornie-babochki","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fgornie-babochki.png","31.07.2026",{"title":399,"description":400,"path":401,"coverImage":402,"publishedAt":403,"order":338},"Butterflies of Tropical Forests","Tropical forests cover less than 7% of Earth's land, but harbour over half of all butterfly species, spread across forest layers and under growing threat.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fbabochki-tropicheskih-lesov","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fbabochki-tropicheskih-lesov.png","12.05.2026",{"title":405,"description":406,"path":407,"coverImage":408,"publishedAt":409,"order":338},"Butterfly Observer's Equipment","You need very little to start watching butterflies — good binoculars and a field guide take you most of the way. This covers essential and optional gear.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Foborudovanie-nablyudatelya","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Foborudovanie-nablyudatelya.png","22.05.2026",{"title":411,"description":412,"path":413,"coverImage":414,"publishedAt":415,"order":338},"How to Attract Butterflies to Your Garden","A butterfly-friendly garden needs the right nectar and host plants, sunny sheltered spots, and minimal pesticide use to support butterflies year-round.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fbabochki-v-sadu","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fbabochki-v-sadu.png","15.05.2026",{"title":417,"description":418,"path":419,"coverImage":420,"publishedAt":421,"order":338},"How to Photograph Butterflies","Butterfly photography rewards patience and technique. This guide covers camera settings, approach methods, light conditions, and getting sharp close-up shots.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fkak-fotografirovat-babochek","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fkak-fotografirovat-babochek.png","19.05.2026",{"title":423,"description":424,"path":425,"coverImage":426,"publishedAt":427,"order":338},"Mimicry and Camouflage in Butterflies","How butterflies use Batesian and Müllerian mimicry, warning colours, and camouflage to survive — from mocker swallowtails to dead-leaf butterflies.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fmimikriya-i-maskirovka","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fmimikriya-i-maskirovka.png","24.07.2026",{"title":5,"description":323,"path":340,"coverImage":322,"publishedAt":341,"order":338},{"title":430,"description":431,"path":432,"coverImage":433,"publishedAt":434,"order":338},"Red Data Book Butterflies of Russia","Russia's Red Data Book 2020 list: categories 0–5 and which day-flying butterflies are actually listed. What that means for observers.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fkrasnaya-kniga-babochek-rossii","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fkrasnaya-kniga-babochek-rossii.png","26.05.2026",{"title":436,"description":437,"path":438,"coverImage":439,"publishedAt":440,"order":338},"The Global IUCN Red List and Butterfly Conservation Status","How the IUCN Red List assesses butterfly extinction risk worldwide, and why so few of the roughly 18,000 known species have been formally evaluated.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fkrasnaya-kniga-babochek-mira","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fkrasnaya-kniga-babochek-mira.png","22.07.2026",{"title":442,"description":443,"path":444,"coverImage":445,"publishedAt":446,"order":338},"Wing Scales and Structural Colour: How a Butterfly's Wing Actually Works","Why butterfly wings are covered in microscopic scales, and how some colours — like Morpho blue — come from physical structure rather than pigment.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fstroenie-kryla-babochki","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fstroenie-kryla-babochki.png","26.07.2026",{"title":448,"description":449,"path":450,"coverImage":451,"publishedAt":452,"order":342},"What Are Butterflies","Butterflies are insects of the order Lepidoptera with four wings covered in scales. More than 157,000 species exist worldwide.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fchto-takoe-babochki","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fchto-takoe-babochki.png","01.05.2026",{"title":454,"description":455,"path":456,"coverImage":457,"publishedAt":452,"order":305},"How Many Butterfly Species Exist","About 157,000 lepidopteran species are described worldwide. Day-flying butterflies number about 20,000 species. Including undiscovered species, estimates reach 180,000–200,000.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fskolko-vidov-babochek-sushchestvuet","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fskolko-vidov-babochek-sushchestvuet.png",{"title":459,"description":460,"path":461,"coverImage":462,"publishedAt":452,"order":312},"How Butterflies Differ from Moths","Butterflies and moths are both lepidopterans, but differ in antennae, resting posture, and activity time. We examine the features with examples.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fbabochki-i-motylki","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fbabochki-i-motylki.png",{"title":464,"description":465,"path":466,"coverImage":467,"publishedAt":452,"order":468},"Popular Butterfly Species","The best-known butterflies of the world: swallowtail, red admiral, peacock, Apollo, monarch — descriptions and where to find them.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fpopulyarnye-vidy-babochek","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fpopulyarnye-vidy-babochek.png",4,{"title":470,"description":471,"path":472,"coverImage":473,"publishedAt":452,"order":474},"Butterfly Life Cycle","The butterfly life cycle has four stages: egg, caterpillar, pupa, and adult. Complete metamorphosis lasts from several weeks to several years.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fzhiznennyj-tsikl","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fzhiznennyj-tsikl.png",5,{"title":476,"description":477,"path":478,"coverImage":479,"publishedAt":452,"order":480},"Where Butterflies Live","Butterflies inhabit all climatic zones except Antarctica. We explore biotopes: tropics, meadows, forests, mountains, steppes, tundra, and cities.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fgde-obitayut-babochki","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fgde-obitayut-babochki.png",6,{"title":482,"description":483,"path":484,"coverImage":485,"publishedAt":452,"order":486},"How to Use the Atlas","Guide to using the butterfly atlas: how to identify a species, how sections are organized, and how to use the identification guide and encyclopedia.","\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fkak-polzovatsya-atlasom","\u002Fimages\u002Fentsiklopediya\u002Fkak-polzovatsya-atlasom.png",7,[488,490,492,494],{"label":345,"path":346,"description":347,"coverImage":489,"latinName":26},"\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmonarh.jpg",{"label":349,"path":350,"description":351,"coverImage":491,"latinName":338},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika.png",{"label":353,"path":354,"description":355,"coverImage":493,"latinName":338},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fmeksika.png",{"label":357,"path":358,"description":359,"coverImage":338,"latinName":338},1787125912246]