[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":823},["ShallowReactive",2],{"atlas_en:\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika":3,"alt-locale:atlas_en:\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika":419,"section-listing:atlas_en:\u002Fatlas":431,"related-covers:en:":471,"section-listing:atlas_en:\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika":472,"section-listing:disabled":507,"section-collection:atlas_en":508},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"coverImage":413,"description":414,"extension":415,"faq":416,"imagePrompt":417,"meta":418,"navigation":419,"order":420,"pageType":421,"path":422,"publishedAt":423,"readingMinutes":424,"region":416,"relatedLinks":416,"seo":425,"sitemap":428,"stem":429,"updatedAt":416,"__hash__":430},"atlas_en\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika.md","South America",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":394},"minimark",[9,14,27,38,41,44,49,59,84,87,91,103,127,130,134,143,161,164,168,175,213,216,219,223,261,265,286,290,297,300,304,307,310,314,374,377],[10,11,13],"h2",{"id":12},"south-america-capital-of-world-diversity","South America — capital of world diversity",[15,16,17,18,22,23,26],"p",{},"South America is the undisputed world leader in day-flying butterfly species. More than ",[19,20,21],"strong",{},"3,000 species"," occur in the Amazon Basin alone; the continent as a whole has over ",[19,24,25],{},"3,500",", about 17–20% of the world total. One hectare of Amazon forest can contain more species than all of Europe.",[15,28,29,30,33,34,37],{},"Two main biomes define the fauna: ",[19,31,32],{},"Amazonia"," — the world's largest tropical forest — and the ",[19,35,36],{},"Andes"," — the highest tropical mountain system with unique high-altitude ecosystems.",[10,39,32],{"id":40},"amazonia",[15,42,43],{},"The humid equatorial forests of the Amazon Basin are the core of Neotropical fauna. Year-round humidity, a multi-layered forest canopy, and colossal plant diversity create ecological niches for thousands of species.",[45,46,48],"h3",{"id":47},"morphos","Morphos",[15,50,51,53,54,58],{},[19,52,48],{}," (",[55,56,57],"em",{},"Morpho",") — symbol of the Amazon and the world's most photographed butterflies. The bright blue colour of males is not pigmentary but structural: nanorelief on scales creates interference and reflects blue depending on viewing angle.",[60,61,62,69,75,81],"ul",{},[63,64,65,68],"li",{},[55,66,67],{},"Morpho menelaus"," — blue with white border; 10–12 cm wingspan",[63,70,71,74],{},[55,72,73],{},"Morpho rhetenor"," — most intense blue; most reflective species",[63,76,77,80],{},[55,78,79],{},"Morpho helenor"," — one of the most widespread; from Mexico to Argentina",[63,82,83],{},"Female morphos are usually brown with yellow spots — excellent camouflage",[15,85,86],{},"Morphos fly in the canopy and along river edges; they are easier to see in the morning when basking in sun at understory level.",[45,88,90],{"id":89},"heliconiids","Heliconiids",[15,92,93,53,95,98,99,102],{},[19,94,90],{},[55,96,97],{},"Heliconiinae",") — bright nymphalids with elongated wings. Caterpillars feed on passionflowers (",[55,100,101],{},"Passiflora",") and accumulate cyanogenic compounds; adults are unpalatable to birds. This makes them \"models\" for entire \"mimicry rings\".",[60,104,105,115,121],{},[63,106,107,110,111,114],{},[55,108,109],{},"Heliconius melpomene"," and ",[55,112,113],{},"H. erato"," — classic Müllerian mimicry pair: two unpalatable species resembling each other; each region has its own geographic colour form",[63,116,117,120],{},[55,118,119],{},"Heliconius sara"," — blue with white and yellow spots",[63,122,123,126],{},[55,124,125],{},"Dryas iulia"," — bright orange; wide range from Florida to Argentina",[15,128,129],{},"Heliconiids are unique in longevity: adults live up to 9 months — a record among day-flying forms. This is linked to feeding on pollen as an additional source of amino acids.",[45,131,133],{"id":132},"ithomiids-neotropical-clearwings","Ithomiids (Neotropical clearwings)",[15,135,136,53,139,142],{},[19,137,138],{},"Ithomiines",[55,140,141],{},"Ithomiinae",") — another nymphalid subfamily of the Amazon; transparent or semi-transparent wings and slow fluttering flight. Unpalatable and participate in mimicry rings together with heliconiids.",[60,144,145,151],{},[63,146,147,150],{},[55,148,149],{},"Greta oto"," — \"glasswing\"; wings almost fully transparent with orange-black border",[63,152,153,156,157,160],{},[55,154,155],{},"Mechanitis polymnia",", ",[55,158,159],{},"Melinaea"," — rufous with black stripes; mimic heliconiids",[15,162,163],{},"In Amazon forests, hundreds of ithomiines and heliconiids gather on wet stream banks — \"butterfly puddling\" on damp sand.",[45,165,167],{"id":166},"neotropical-swallowtails","Neotropical swallowtails",[15,169,170,171,174],{},"The Neotropics are rich in swallowtails (",[55,172,173],{},"Papilionidae","): more than 300 species for South America. Especially characteristic:",[60,176,177,198,207],{},[63,178,179,53,182,156,185,156,188,191,192,156,195],{},[19,180,181],{},"Birdwings",[55,183,184],{},"Ornithoptera",[55,186,187],{},"Trogonoptera",[55,189,190],{},"Troides",") are mainly Asian, but several large Amazon swallowtails reach 15–18 cm: ",[55,193,194],{},"Papilio torquatus",[55,196,197],{},"P. thoas",[63,199,200,203,204],{},[55,201,202],{},"Battus polydamas"," — large dark swallowtail without tails; unpalatable; model for mimicry in ",[55,205,206],{},"Papilio",[63,208,209,212],{},[55,210,211],{},"Parides"," — several species with red spots; poisonous",[10,214,36],{"id":215},"andes",[15,217,218],{},"The Andes from Colombia to Patagonia — a 7,500 km mountain chain with diverse altitudinal belts. The tropical Andes are one of the world's biodiversity hotspots: about 40–50% of all plant species are endemic here, and insects in similar proportion.",[45,220,222],{"id":221},"altitudinal-belts","Altitudinal belts",[60,224,225,235,248],{},[63,226,227,230,231,234],{},[19,228,229],{},"Forest belt (1,000–2,500 m)"," — \"cloud forest\" (bosque nublado): constant cloud cover, mosses, orchids. Own morpho species (",[55,232,233],{},"Morpho sulkowski","), large swallowtails, unique nymphalids",[63,236,237,240,241,156,244,247],{},[19,238,239],{},"Subalpine belt (2,500–4,000 m)"," — páramo: open grassy plateaus with rich flower meadows. Sulphurs (",[55,242,243],{},"Colias dimera",[55,245,246],{},"C. euxanthe","), apollo-like parnassians",[63,249,250,253,254,257,258],{},[19,251,252],{},"Alpine belt (above 4,000 m)"," — puna: sparse vegetation, harsh climate. Specialised ",[55,255,256],{},"Tatochila"," (mountain whites), ",[55,259,260],{},"Phulia",[45,262,264],{"id":263},"andean-endemics","Andean endemics",[60,266,267,273,279],{},[63,268,269,272],{},[55,270,271],{},"Catasticta"," — mountain whites; more than 100 species, predominantly Andean",[63,274,275,278],{},[55,276,277],{},"Dione juno"," — heliconid of mountain forests",[63,280,281,282,285],{},"Hundreds of blue species of the genus ",[55,283,284],{},"Polyommatus sensu lato"," (in the Andean interpretation)",[10,287,289],{"id":288},"south-of-the-continent-argentina-and-chile","South of the continent: Argentina and Chile",[15,291,292,293,296],{},"Patagonia is a temperate zone with poor but interesting fauna. About 200 species in Argentina south of 40° S. Characteristic are sulphurs, whites, satyrs of the genus ",[55,294,295],{},"Yphthimoides",".",[15,298,299],{},"Chilean flora is unique — and specialised butterfly species tied to Chilean endemic plants occur only here.",[10,301,303],{"id":302},"threats","Threats",[15,305,306],{},"Amazon deforestation is the main threat. 10,000–20,000 km² of forest are destroyed annually for farmland (soy, cattle ranching). Species with narrow ranges — especially endemics of isolated mountain valleys in the Andes — disappear faster than science can describe them.",[15,308,309],{},"Birdwings and several large swallowtails are listed in CITES Appendix II. Collector demand in the 20th century was significant — now regulated.",[10,311,313],{"id":312},"best-places-for-observations","Best places for observations",[315,316,317,330],"table",{},[318,319,320],"thead",{},[321,322,323,327],"tr",{},[324,325,326],"th",{},"Region",[324,328,329],{},"Features",[331,332,333,342,350,358,366],"tbody",{},[321,334,335,339],{},[336,337,338],"td",{},"Manaus, Brazil",[336,340,341],{},"Centre of the Amazon; high species richness; morphos on river banks",[321,343,344,347],{},[336,345,346],{},"Machu Picchu, Peru",[336,348,349],{},"Cloud forest + ruins; endemic Andean species + morphos",[321,351,352,355],{},[336,353,354],{},"Medellín, Colombia",[336,356,357],{},"Andes–Amazon transition zone; one of the world's richest sites",[321,359,360,363],{},[336,361,362],{},"Serra da Canastra, Brazil",[336,364,365],{},"Atlantic Forest (separate biome from Amazon); own endemics",[321,367,368,371],{},[336,369,370],{},"Bolivia (Chapare)",[336,372,373],{},"High diversity with relatively easy access",[15,375,376],{},"Best time: dry season (May–October in the Amazon), when butterflies gather at water bodies and hide less from rain.",[15,378,379,380,385,386,110,390,296],{},"For adjacent fauna — see ",[381,382,384],"a",{"href":383},"\u002Fen\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika","North America",". More on butterfly life — in the articles ",[381,387,389],{"href":388},"\u002Fen\u002Fzhizn-babochek\u002Frol-babochek-v-prirode","role in nature",[381,391,393],{"href":392},"\u002Fen\u002Fzhizn-babochek\u002Fpochemu-u-babochek-yarkie-krylya","why butterflies have bright wings",{"title":395,"searchDepth":396,"depth":396,"links":397},"",2,[398,399,406,410,411,412],{"id":12,"depth":396,"text":13},{"id":40,"depth":396,"text":32,"children":400},[401,403,404,405],{"id":47,"depth":402,"text":48},3,{"id":89,"depth":402,"text":90},{"id":132,"depth":402,"text":133},{"id":166,"depth":402,"text":167},{"id":215,"depth":396,"text":36,"children":407},[408,409],{"id":221,"depth":402,"text":222},{"id":263,"depth":402,"text":264},{"id":288,"depth":396,"text":289},{"id":302,"depth":396,"text":303},{"id":312,"depth":396,"text":313},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika.png","Butterflies of South America: more than 3,500 day-flying species, Amazon, Andes. Morphos, heliconiids, ithomiids, birdwings — the richest region in the world.","md",null,"Photorealistic nature photo, Blue Morpho butterfly Morpho peleides in Amazon rainforest, electric iridescent blue wings open on tropical leaf, lush jungle background with diffused light rays, 16:9 landscape",{},true,6,"atlas","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika","01.05.2026",1,{"title":426,"description":427},"Butterflies of South America — Morphos, Heliconiids, Amazon and Andes","Butterflies of South America: 3,500+ species, Amazon, morphos, heliconiids, Andes. The world's richest region for day-flying butterfly species.",{"loc":422},"atlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika","t4CbCQdNI4SBshoMjDieqNt4tkZiQ5kGEXXgv2jxesI",[432,437,442,447,453,458,459,465],{"title":433,"description":434,"path":435,"coverImage":436,"publishedAt":423,"order":424},"Russia","Guide to butterflies of Russia: from tundra to Caucasus subtropics — more than 300 species of day-flying butterflies in the world's largest country.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya.png",{"title":438,"description":439,"path":440,"coverImage":441,"publishedAt":423,"order":396},"Europe","Butterflies of Europe: about 500 day-flying species, from the Mediterranean to the Arctic. Alps, Mediterranean, islands — the continent's richest regions.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa.png",{"title":443,"description":444,"path":445,"coverImage":446,"publishedAt":423,"order":402},"Asia","Butterflies of Asia: from the Arctic tundra of Siberia to the tropics of Southeast Asia. The largest continent with 5,000+ species of day-flying butterflies.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya.png",{"title":448,"description":449,"path":450,"coverImage":451,"publishedAt":423,"order":452},"Africa","Butterflies of Africa: about 3,500 day-flying species, from the Sahara to the Congo rainforests. Madagascar, East African Rift, Cape — the richest regions.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika.png",4,{"title":384,"description":454,"path":455,"coverImage":456,"publishedAt":423,"order":457},"Butterflies of North America: about 800 day-flying species, monarch, swallowtails, blues. USA, Canada, Mexico — different climate zones with unique faunas.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika.png",5,{"title":5,"description":414,"path":422,"coverImage":413,"publishedAt":423,"order":420},{"title":460,"description":461,"path":462,"coverImage":463,"publishedAt":423,"order":464},"Australia and Oceania","Butterflies of Australia and Oceania: about 400 species in Australia, Papua birdwings, unique Pacific islands. Isolated fauna with high endemism.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya.png",7,{"title":466,"description":467,"path":468,"coverImage":469,"publishedAt":423,"order":470},"Distribution maps","How to read butterfly range maps: what they show, what shapes distribution boundaries, data sources, and how to use atlas maps.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fkarty-rasprostraneniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fkarty-rasprostraneniya.png",8,[],[473,479,485,490,496,501],{"title":474,"description":475,"path":476,"coverImage":477,"publishedAt":478,"order":416},"Butterflies of Argentina","Argentina has about 1,400 butterfly species across varied landscapes: subtropical Misiones, Andean Yungas cloud forests, Gran Chaco, and cold Patagonia.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fargentina","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fargentina.png","30.06.2026",{"title":480,"description":481,"path":482,"coverImage":483,"publishedAt":484,"order":416},"Butterflies of Brazil","Brazil is the world leader in butterfly diversity: more than 3,500 species across Amazonia, the Cerrado, and the Atlantic Forest, with thousands of endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fbraziliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fbraziliya.jpg","14.06.2026",{"title":486,"description":487,"path":488,"coverImage":489,"publishedAt":484,"order":416},"Butterflies of Colombia","Colombia ranks third in the world for butterfly diversity: about 3,400 species, spanning Amazonia, the Andes, and a Caribbean coast on two oceans.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fkolombiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fkolombiya.jpg",{"title":491,"description":492,"path":493,"coverImage":494,"publishedAt":495,"order":416},"Butterflies of Ecuador","Ecuador has the highest butterfly species density in the world: about 4,500 species in a country smaller than Germany, spanning Amazon and Andean forests.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fekvador","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fekvador.png","02.07.2026",{"title":497,"description":498,"path":499,"coverImage":500,"publishedAt":484,"order":416},"Butterflies of Peru","Peru ranks second in the world for butterfly diversity: more than 3,500 species, across the Amazon basin, the Andes, and the Pacific coast.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fperu","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fperu.jpg",{"title":502,"description":503,"path":504,"coverImage":505,"publishedAt":506,"order":416},"Butterflies of Venezuela","Venezuela is home to about 1,500 butterfly species and world-famous for its tepuis — ancient sandstone table mountains with high levels of butterfly endemism.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fvenecuela","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fvenecuela.png","04.07.2026",[],[509,514,515,521,526,527,533,539,544,545,550,555,560,561,567,572,577,582,588,593,598,603,608,613,618,623,628,633,638,643,649,654,659,664,670,676,682,688,694,699,704,710,711,716,721,726,731,736,741,747,752,757,763,768,773,778,784,785,791,796,801,806,811,815,816,817,818,819,820,821,822],{"title":510,"description":511,"path":512,"coverImage":513,"publishedAt":423,"order":416},"Butterflies of Altai Krai and the Altai Republic","Butterflies of the Altai: mountain species, Apollo, mnemosyne, more than 150 species in steppes and alpine meadows. Best routes for observation.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Faltayskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Faltayskiy-kray.png",{"title":474,"description":475,"path":476,"coverImage":477,"publishedAt":478,"order":416},{"title":516,"description":517,"path":518,"coverImage":519,"publishedAt":520,"order":416},"Butterflies of Australia","Australia has about 420 butterfly species — modest globally but with high endemism. Queensland's tropical rainforests hold most of the diversity.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Favstraliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Favstraliya.png","07.07.2026",{"title":522,"description":523,"path":524,"coverImage":525,"publishedAt":423,"order":416},"Butterflies of Austria","Austria is an Alpine country with exceptionally rich mountain butterfly fauna: more than 200 species, including unique alpine species and endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Favstriya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Favstriya.png",{"title":480,"description":481,"path":482,"coverImage":483,"publishedAt":484,"order":416},{"title":528,"description":529,"path":530,"coverImage":531,"publishedAt":532,"order":416},"Butterflies of Cameroon","Cameroon — Africa in miniature: mangroves, Sahel scrub, Congo rainforest. Around 900-1,000 species at the junction of West and Central Africa.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkamerun","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkamerun.png","19.07.2026",{"title":534,"description":535,"path":536,"coverImage":537,"publishedAt":538,"order":416},"Butterflies of Canada","Canada is a country of boreal forests and arctic tundra. About 300 day-flying butterfly species, including unique arctic and subarctic species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkanada","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkanada.png","28.05.2026",{"title":540,"description":541,"path":542,"coverImage":543,"publishedAt":423,"order":416},"Butterflies of China","China is the world leader in butterfly species: more than 2,000 species. Yunnan Province is one of the world's richest entomological regions.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkitay","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkitay.png",{"title":486,"description":487,"path":488,"coverImage":489,"publishedAt":484,"order":416},{"title":546,"description":547,"path":548,"coverImage":549,"publishedAt":538,"order":416},"Butterflies of Costa Rica","Costa Rica is a world leader in butterfly species density. More than 1,500 species in a country smaller than Moscow Oblast.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkosta-rika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkosta-rika.png",{"title":551,"description":552,"path":553,"coverImage":554,"publishedAt":423,"order":416},"Butterflies of Crimea","Butterflies of the Crimean Peninsula: Mediterranean species, southern festoon, more than 130 day-flying butterflies on mountain yaylas and in steppes.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-krym","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-krym.png",{"title":556,"description":557,"path":558,"coverImage":559,"publishedAt":538,"order":416},"Butterflies of Cuba","Cuba is the largest Caribbean island with unique endemic butterfly fauna. About 200 day-flying species, many found nowhere else in the world.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkuba","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkuba.png",{"title":491,"description":492,"path":493,"coverImage":494,"publishedAt":495,"order":416},{"title":562,"description":563,"path":564,"coverImage":565,"publishedAt":566,"order":416},"Butterflies of Ethiopia","Ethiopia's altitudinal range, from the Danakil Depression to the Simien Mountains, supports around 650–700 butterfly species, including Afromontane endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fetiopia","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fetiopia.png","21.07.2026",{"title":568,"description":569,"path":570,"coverImage":571,"publishedAt":423,"order":416},"Butterflies of Finland","About 120 species of day-flying butterflies live in Finland, rich in bog and forest species, with migrants from Central Europe on the southern coast.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffinlyandiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffinlyandiya.png",{"title":573,"description":574,"path":575,"coverImage":576,"publishedAt":423,"order":416},"Butterflies of France","France has the richest day-flying butterfly diversity in Western Europe — more than 250 species. From Pyrenean alpine meadows to Mediterranean maquis.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffranciya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffranciya.png",{"title":578,"description":579,"path":580,"coverImage":581,"publishedAt":423,"order":416},"Butterflies of Germany","Germany is one of Europe's most studied regions in entomology. About 3,700 Lepidoptera species, including more than 180 day-flying butterfly species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgermaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgermaniya.png",{"title":583,"description":584,"path":585,"coverImage":586,"publishedAt":587,"order":416},"Butterflies of Greece","Greece records around 230 species of day-flying butterflies — one of Europe's richest faunas, where warmth meets limestone mountains and eastern elements.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgreciya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgreciya.png","02.08.2026",{"title":589,"description":590,"path":591,"coverImage":592,"publishedAt":423,"order":416},"Butterflies of India","India ranks second in the world for butterfly species: about 1,500 day-flying species. The Western Ghats and Himalayas are global biodiversity hotspots.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findiya.png",{"title":594,"description":595,"path":596,"coverImage":597,"publishedAt":423,"order":416},"Butterflies of Indonesia","Indonesia is a world leader in birdwing species and one of the richest regions for butterfly fauna, with Borneo, Sulawesi, and New Guinea endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findoneziya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findoneziya.png",{"title":599,"description":600,"path":601,"coverImage":602,"publishedAt":423,"order":416},"Butterflies of Irkutsk Oblast (Lake Baikal)","Butterflies of Lake Baikal and Irkutsk Oblast: Siberian species and mountain butterflies of Khamar-Daban, more than 100 species on the sacred lake's shores.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Firkutskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Firkutskaya-oblast.png",{"title":604,"description":605,"path":606,"coverImage":607,"publishedAt":423,"order":416},"Butterflies of Italy","Italy has exceptionally rich butterfly fauna: more than 280 day-flying species. Alps, Apennines, Sicily, and Sardinia create enormous biotope diversity.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fitaliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fitaliya.png",{"title":609,"description":610,"path":611,"coverImage":612,"publishedAt":423,"order":416},"Butterflies of Japan","Japan has exceptionally rich butterfly fauna: more than 240 day-flying species, with island-arc endemics, seasonal migrants, and unique mountain species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fyaponiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fyaponiya.png",{"title":614,"description":615,"path":616,"coverImage":617,"publishedAt":423,"order":416},"Butterflies of Kaliningrad Oblast","Butterflies of Kaliningrad Oblast: West European species on the amber coast, about 90 day-flying species, wet meadows and dunes of the Curonian Spit.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkaliningradskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkaliningradskaya-oblast.png",{"title":619,"description":620,"path":621,"coverImage":622,"publishedAt":423,"order":416},"Butterflies of Kazakhstan","Kazakhstan is the largest country in Central Asia, with about 400 butterfly species across the Tian Shan and Altai mountains, steppes, and deserts.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkazakstan","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkazakstan.png",{"title":624,"description":625,"path":626,"coverImage":627,"publishedAt":538,"order":416},"Butterflies of Kenya","Kenya is an African leader in butterfly tourism. More than 800 day-flying species in savannas, mountain forests, and coastal mangroves.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkeniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkeniya.png",{"title":629,"description":630,"path":631,"coverImage":632,"publishedAt":423,"order":416},"Butterflies of Krasnodar Krai","Butterflies of Krasnodar Krai and the Black Sea coast: more than 180 species, Caucasian and subtropical species, best observation sites.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkrasnodarskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkrasnodarskiy-kray.png",{"title":634,"description":635,"path":636,"coverImage":637,"publishedAt":423,"order":416},"Butterflies of Leningrad Oblast","Butterflies of Leningrad Oblast and Saint Petersburg: about 80 species in taiga forests, bogs, and meadows. Species, seasons, and observation sites.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fleningradskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fleningradskaya-oblast.png",{"title":639,"description":640,"path":641,"coverImage":642,"publishedAt":538,"order":416},"Butterflies of Madagascar","Madagascar is an island of endemics with a unique butterfly fauna. About 300 day-flying species, most found nowhere else in the world.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmadagaskar","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmadagaskar.png",{"title":644,"description":645,"path":646,"coverImage":647,"publishedAt":648,"order":416},"Butterflies of Malaysia","Malaysia harbours around 1,300 butterfly species across Peninsular Malaysia and Bornean Sabah and Sarawak. Rajah Brooke's Birdwing is the national butterfly.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmalajziya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmalajziya.png","13.07.2026",{"title":650,"description":651,"path":652,"coverImage":653,"publishedAt":538,"order":416},"Butterflies of Mexico","Mexico has one of the world's richest butterfly diversities: more than 2,000 species, monarch wintering grounds, and neotropical jungles of the Yucatán.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fmeksika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fmeksika.png",{"title":655,"description":656,"path":657,"coverImage":658,"publishedAt":538,"order":416},"Butterflies of Morocco","Morocco is the gateway to Africa for European entomologists, with about 200 species: Atlas mountain species, Mediterranean migrants, and Saharan specialists.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmarokko","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmarokko.png",{"title":660,"description":661,"path":662,"coverImage":663,"publishedAt":423,"order":416},"Butterflies of Moscow Oblast","Butterfly species of Moscow Oblast: more than 120 day-flying species in forests, meadows, and river valleys. Best observation sites and flight seasons.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fmoskovskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fmoskovskaya-oblast.png",{"title":665,"description":666,"path":667,"coverImage":668,"publishedAt":669,"order":416},"Butterflies of Myanmar","Myanmar lies at the crossroads of the Indo-Malayan and Indo-Chinese faunal zones, with an estimated 900–1,000 butterfly species — one of Asia's richest.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmjanmar","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmjanmar.png","14.08.2026",{"title":671,"description":672,"path":673,"coverImage":674,"publishedAt":675,"order":416},"Butterflies of Nepal","Nepal compresses an 8,700-metre altitudinal range into a narrow strip — from Terai plains to the highest peaks — producing around 650 butterfly species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fnepalj","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fnepalj.png","25.07.2026",{"title":677,"description":678,"path":679,"coverImage":680,"publishedAt":681,"order":416},"Butterflies of New Zealand","New Zealand has only about 20 native butterfly species — one of the smallest faunas — but endemism is high, with several found nowhere else.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fnovaya-zelandiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fnovaya-zelandiya.png","11.07.2026",{"title":683,"description":684,"path":685,"coverImage":686,"publishedAt":687,"order":416},"Butterflies of Nigeria","Nigeria is home to about 1,000 butterfly species, including the African Giant Swallowtail — Africa's largest. Cross River rainforest is a key hotspot.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fnigeriya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fnigeriya.png","17.07.2026",{"title":689,"description":690,"path":691,"coverImage":692,"publishedAt":693,"order":416},"Butterflies of Norway","Around 85 butterfly species are recorded in Norway, whose latitudinal range spans mild coasts and harsh Arctic fell, supporting boreal and Arctic specialists.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fnorvegiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fnorvegiya.png","29.07.2026",{"title":695,"description":696,"path":697,"coverImage":698,"publishedAt":423,"order":416},"Butterflies of Novosibirsk Oblast (Western Siberia)","Butterflies of Novosibirsk Oblast: West Siberian species, more than 80 day-flying butterflies in forest-steppe and birch groves.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fnovosibirskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fnovosibirskaya-oblast.png",{"title":700,"description":701,"path":702,"coverImage":703,"publishedAt":538,"order":416},"Butterflies of Panama","Panama is the isthmus between two Americas, a biological corridor for thousands of species, with more than 1,200 species on migration and speciation routes.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fpanama","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fpanama.png",{"title":705,"description":706,"path":707,"coverImage":708,"publishedAt":709,"order":416},"Butterflies of Papua New Guinea","Papua New Guinea is home to over 800 butterfly species, including the Queen Alexandra's Birdwing, the world's largest butterfly with a 280mm wingspan.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fpapua-novaya-gvineya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fpapua-novaya-gvineya.png","09.07.2026",{"title":497,"description":498,"path":499,"coverImage":500,"publishedAt":484,"order":416},{"title":712,"description":713,"path":714,"coverImage":715,"publishedAt":423,"order":416},"Butterflies of Poland","Poland lies at the junction of Western and Eastern European faunas, with about 160 species, including apollo, clouded apollo, and marsh fritillary.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fpolsha","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fpolsha.png",{"title":717,"description":718,"path":719,"coverImage":720,"publishedAt":423,"order":416},"Butterflies of Primorsky Krai","Butterflies of Primorye: unique Far Eastern fauna, Maack’s swallowtail, more than 200 day-flying species in cedar–broadleaf forests.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fprimorskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fprimorskiy-kray.png",{"title":722,"description":723,"path":724,"coverImage":725,"publishedAt":423,"order":416},"Butterflies of Rostov Oblast","Butterflies of Rostov Oblast: steppe species of the Don steppes, more than 100 day-flying butterflies, unique steppe blues and ringlets.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frostovskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frostovskaya-oblast.png",{"title":727,"description":728,"path":729,"coverImage":730,"publishedAt":423,"order":416},"Butterflies of Samara Oblast (Volga region)","Butterflies of Samara Oblast: forest-steppe species of the Volga, Zhiguli Mountains, more than 100 day-flying butterflies on the banks of the Volga.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsamarskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsamarskaya-oblast.png",{"title":732,"description":733,"path":734,"coverImage":735,"publishedAt":538,"order":416},"Butterflies of South Africa","South Africa is Africa's most studied country in entomology. More than 660 day-flying species and a unique fauna of the Cape Floristic Region.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fyuzhnaya-afrika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fyuzhnaya-afrika.png",{"title":737,"description":738,"path":739,"coverImage":740,"publishedAt":423,"order":416},"Butterflies of Spain","Spain has the greatest day-flying butterfly diversity in Western Europe: more than 230 species, including Iberian endemics and high-mountain swallowtails.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fispaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fispaniya.png",{"title":742,"description":743,"path":744,"coverImage":745,"publishedAt":746,"order":416},"Butterflies of Sri Lanka","Sri Lanka's compact geography, split between wet southwest and dry northeast, supports around 245 butterfly species, including 25+ endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fshri-lanka","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fshri-lanka.png","23.07.2026",{"title":748,"description":749,"path":750,"coverImage":751,"publishedAt":423,"order":416},"Butterflies of Stavropol Krai","Butterflies of Stavropol Krai: steppe and mountain species of the Pre-Caucasus, more than 140 day-flying butterflies at the foot of the Caucasus.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fstavropolskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fstavropolskiy-kray.png",{"title":753,"description":754,"path":755,"coverImage":756,"publishedAt":423,"order":416},"Butterflies of Sverdlovsk Oblast (Urals)","Butterflies of Sverdlovsk Oblast and the Urals: mountain and taiga species, Apollo and other protected butterflies, observation sites in the Middle Urals.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsverdlovskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsverdlovskaya-oblast.png",{"title":758,"description":759,"path":760,"coverImage":761,"publishedAt":762,"order":416},"Butterflies of Sweden","Sweden records around 120 butterfly species. Its long north–south extent spans Central European fauna in the south to true Arctic specialists in Lapland.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fshveciya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fshveciya.png","08.08.2026",{"title":764,"description":765,"path":766,"coverImage":767,"publishedAt":538,"order":416},"Butterflies of Tanzania","Tanzania — land of Kilimanjaro and tropical forests. More than 750 day-flying species in mountains, savannas, and coastal forests of Zanzibar.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Ftanzaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Ftanzaniya.png",{"title":769,"description":770,"path":771,"coverImage":772,"publishedAt":423,"order":416},"Butterflies of Thailand","Thailand is a tropical country with more than 1,200 butterfly species. Doi Inthanon and Khao Yai are among the best observation sites in Southeast Asia.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Ftailand","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Ftailand.png",{"title":774,"description":775,"path":776,"coverImage":777,"publishedAt":423,"order":416},"Butterflies of Turkey","Turkey lies at the junction of Europe and Asia with rich fauna: more than 450 butterfly species. The Taurus Mountains are a unique center of endemism.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fturtsiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fturtsiya.png",{"title":779,"description":780,"path":781,"coverImage":782,"publishedAt":783,"order":416},"Butterflies of Uganda","Uganda records around 1,200 butterfly species — one of Africa's highest densities, home to species found nowhere else, including the world's largest.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fuganda","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fuganda.png","16.08.2026",{"title":502,"description":503,"path":504,"coverImage":505,"publishedAt":506,"order":416},{"title":786,"description":787,"path":788,"coverImage":789,"publishedAt":790,"order":416},"Butterflies of Vietnam","Vietnam is home to around 1,500 butterfly species. Its narrow S-shape spans subtropical north to equatorial south, producing exceptional habitat diversity.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fvetnam","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fvetnam.png","15.07.2026",{"title":792,"description":793,"path":794,"coverImage":795,"publishedAt":423,"order":416},"Butterflies of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Southern Urals)","Butterflies of Bashkortostan: mountain and steppe species of the Southern Urals, Apollo, more than 120 species in mountains and mixed-grass steppes.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-bashkortostan","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-bashkortostan.png",{"title":797,"description":798,"path":799,"coverImage":800,"publishedAt":423,"order":416},"Butterflies of the Republic of Karelia","Butterflies of Karelia: northern taiga species, bog butterflies, about 60 day-flying species on lake shores and in pine forests.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-kareliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-kareliya.png",{"title":802,"description":803,"path":804,"coverImage":805,"publishedAt":423,"order":416},"Butterflies of the United Kingdom","About 60 species of day-flying butterflies live in the United Kingdom — few in number, but several unique to island fauna, with a strong watching culture.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fvelikobritaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fvelikobritaniya.png",{"title":807,"description":808,"path":809,"coverImage":810,"publishedAt":538,"order":416},"Butterflies of the United States","The United States is one of the world's most studied regions for butterfly biodiversity, with more than 700 species from Alaska's tundra to Florida's swamps.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fssha","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fssha.png",{"title":812,"description":813,"path":814,"coverImage":416,"publishedAt":423,"order":416},"World Butterfly Atlas","Geographic butterfly atlas: species diversity by continent and region — from Arctic tundra to tropical forests, with ranges and flight seasons.","\u002Fatlas",{"title":433,"description":434,"path":435,"coverImage":436,"publishedAt":423,"order":424},{"title":438,"description":439,"path":440,"coverImage":441,"publishedAt":423,"order":396},{"title":443,"description":444,"path":445,"coverImage":446,"publishedAt":423,"order":402},{"title":448,"description":449,"path":450,"coverImage":451,"publishedAt":423,"order":452},{"title":384,"description":454,"path":455,"coverImage":456,"publishedAt":423,"order":457},{"title":5,"description":414,"path":422,"coverImage":413,"publishedAt":423,"order":420},{"title":460,"description":461,"path":462,"coverImage":463,"publishedAt":423,"order":464},{"title":466,"description":467,"path":468,"coverImage":469,"publishedAt":423,"order":470},1787125891406]