[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":731},["ShallowReactive",2],{"atlas_en:\u002Fatlas\u002Fkarty-rasprostraneniya":3,"alt-locale:atlas_en:\u002Fatlas\u002Fkarty-rasprostraneniya":339,"section-listing:atlas_en:\u002Fatlas":351,"related-covers:en:":385,"section-listing:atlas_en:\u002Fatlas\u002Fkarty-rasprostraneniya":386,"section-listing:disabled":387,"section-collection:atlas_en":388},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"coverImage":333,"description":334,"extension":335,"faq":336,"imagePrompt":337,"meta":338,"navigation":339,"order":340,"pageType":341,"path":342,"publishedAt":343,"readingMinutes":344,"region":336,"relatedLinks":336,"seo":345,"sitemap":348,"stem":349,"updatedAt":336,"__hash__":350},"atlas_en\u002Fatlas\u002Fkarty-rasprostraneniya.md","Distribution maps",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":305},"minimark",[9,14,18,21,25,30,33,40,55,61,65,76,87,91,94,98,101,104,108,122,125,129,136,139,143,147,150,156,160,175,178,189,193,196,199,203,207,210,214,247,251,254,258,261,270,279,285,289,292,295],[10,11,13],"h2",{"id":12},"what-is-a-distribution-map","What is a distribution map",[15,16,17],"p",{},"A distribution map (range map) is a geographic image showing where a given butterfly species lives. It marks territories where the species has been found with a certain regularity, confirmed by observations.",[15,19,20],{},"A range map answers the question: can I encounter this species in my region? — but does not guarantee an encounter at a specific point, because within the range the species is unevenly distributed.",[10,22,24],{"id":23},"what-a-range-map-shows","What a range map shows",[26,27,29],"h3",{"id":28},"three-types-of-zones","Three types of zones",[15,31,32],{},"Modern range maps usually distinguish several zones:",[15,34,35,39],{},[36,37,38],"strong",{},"Permanent range"," — territory where the species occurs annually, breeds, and overwinters (as egg, caterpillar, pupa, or imago). This is the \"core\" of distribution.",[15,41,42,45,46,50,51,54],{},[36,43,44],{},"Zone of regular vagrancy"," — territory where the species regularly arrives in summer, sometimes forming temporary breeding populations, but does not overwinter reliably. A typical example for Russia is the Red Admiral (",[47,48,49],"em",{},"Vanessa atalanta",") and Painted Lady (",[47,52,53],{},"Vanessa cardui","): their permanent range is southern Europe and North Africa, but each summer they reach Scandinavia and Siberia.",[15,56,57,60],{},[36,58,59],{},"Historical range"," — territory where the species occurred previously but is now absent or extremely rare due to habitat change.",[26,62,64],{"id":63},"what-a-map-does-not-show","What a map does not show",[15,66,67,68,71,72,75],{},"A range map does not show ",[36,69,70],{},"population density",": a species may be common in one part of the range and extremely rare in another. Brimstone (",[47,73,74],{},"Gonepteryx rhamni",") occurs across the European part of Russia, but its abundance in the Moscow region and Karelia differs by orders of magnitude.",[15,77,78,79,82,83,86],{},"A map does not show ",[36,80,81],{},"habitat",": a species with a wide range is tied to specific stations. Apollo (",[47,84,85],{},"Parnassius apollo",") is listed across the Urals range, but in reality occurs only on dry rocky slopes with stonecrop — not everywhere within the range.",[10,88,90],{"id":89},"data-sources-for-maps","Data sources for maps",[15,92,93],{},"Butterfly range maps are built from several types of data:",[26,95,97],{"id":96},"collection-data","Collection data",[15,99,100],{},"Historically the main source — specimen labels in museum collections. Each stored specimen has a label with collection locality and date. Data from thousands of collections are combined in GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility) and regional databases.",[15,102,103],{},"Limitation: historical collecting is uneven — rich regions (Western Europe, selected areas of Russia) are well studied, inaccessible territories (Yakutia, Tian Shan mountains) less so.",[26,105,107],{"id":106},"field-observations-citizen-science","Field observations (citizen science)",[15,109,110,111,114,115,114,118,121],{},"Since the 2000s the main data source is volunteer observations uploaded to ",[36,112,113],{},"iNaturalist",", ",[36,116,117],{},"GBIF-Observation.org",[36,119,120],{},"Butterfly Conservation Europe",", and national portals.",[15,123,124],{},"By 2026 iNaturalist contained tens of millions of butterfly observations worldwide — the largest field database in the history of biology. Each observation includes GPS coordinates, date, and photo, allowing range maps to be built with resolution down to a few kilometres.",[26,126,128],{"id":127},"transects-and-systematic-monitoring","Transects and systematic monitoring",[15,130,131,132,135],{},"In Europe the ",[36,133,134],{},"European Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (eBMS)"," operates: volunteers regularly (weekly) walk fixed routes and count all butterflies encountered. This allows tracking not only range but changes in abundance over time.",[15,137,138],{},"In Russia a similar system is only forming; observer data concentrate on iNaturalist and \"Fauna of Russia\".",[10,140,142],{"id":141},"factors-determining-range","Factors determining range",[26,144,146],{"id":145},"climate","Climate",[15,148,149],{},"Temperature and humidity are the main limits. The northern boundary of most warmth-loving species is determined by mean summer temperature: the caterpillar must complete several instars within the season. The southern boundary is often linked to heat and drought: moisture-loving species do not tolerate Mediterranean summer.",[15,151,152,155],{},[36,153,154],{},"Climate change"," shifts ranges northward and upward in mountains. In Europe over the last 30 years several species have expanded their range north by 50–200 km. Some species have begun breeding regularly in Britain and Scandinavia, where they were previously rare vagrants.",[26,157,159],{"id":158},"larval-food-plants","Larval food plants",[15,161,162,163,166,167,170,171,174],{},"A butterfly's range cannot be wider than the range of its caterpillar food plant. Brimstone feeds only on buckthorn (",[47,164,165],{},"Frangula alnus"," and ",[47,168,169],{},"Rhamnus catharticus",") — its range coincides with buckthorn's range. Apollo is tied to stonecrop (",[47,172,173],{},"Sedum",") — occurs only where the food plant grows.",[26,176,177],{"id":81},"Habitat",[15,179,180,181,184,185,188],{},"A species with a wide climatic range may still be rare due to habitat requirements. Large Blue (",[47,182,183],{},"Phengaris arion",") requires the simultaneous presence of thyme and a specific ant species (",[47,186,187],{},"Myrmica sabuleti","). Without ants — no butterfly, even if the climate is suitable.",[26,190,192],{"id":191},"dispersal-and-barriers","Dispersal and barriers",[15,194,195],{},"Mountain ranges, large rivers, seas — barriers to spread. Several species do not cross the Alps or the Ural Mountains: on one side the species exists, on the other — not. Islands have endemics precisely because the sea barrier isolated populations.",[15,197,198],{},"Some species, conversely, are strong migrants: Painted Lady crosses the Sahara, monarch — the Atlantic (in rare cases). Their ranges on maps are enormous.",[10,200,202],{"id":201},"how-to-use-maps-in-the-atlas","How to use maps in the atlas",[26,204,206],{"id":205},"checking-likelihood-of-encounter","Checking likelihood of encounter",[15,208,209],{},"If you encounter an unfamiliar butterfly and identify a probable species — check the map: does your region fall within the range? If not — either the identification is wrong, or it is a vagrant specimen, or the find requires documentation as a new record.",[26,211,213],{"id":212},"planning-observations","Planning observations",[15,215,216,217,114,222,114,226,114,230,114,234,114,238,114,242,246],{},"Maps help plan trips: where to look for a specific species, in which region species richness is greatest. Atlas regional sections — ",[218,219,221],"a",{"href":220},"\u002Fen\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya","Russia",[218,223,225],{"href":224},"\u002Fen\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa","Europe",[218,227,229],{"href":228},"\u002Fen\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya","Asia",[218,231,233],{"href":232},"\u002Fen\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika","Africa",[218,235,237],{"href":236},"\u002Fen\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika","North America",[218,239,241],{"href":240},"\u002Fen\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika","South America",[218,243,245],{"href":244},"\u002Fen\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya","Australia and Oceania"," — give an overview of each region's fauna with the best sites and seasons.",[26,248,250],{"id":249},"interpreting-boundaries","Interpreting boundaries",[15,252,253],{},"Range boundaries on a map are not walls but probability zones. An encounter beyond the official range boundary is not an error but a potential scientific record. Upload it to iNaturalist: citizen science data directly update range maps in GBIF.",[10,255,257],{"id":256},"dynamic-ranges","Dynamic ranges",[15,259,260],{},"Butterfly ranges are not static — they change within one observer's lifetime.",[15,262,263,266,267,269],{},[36,264,265],{},"Expanding ranges",": in Russia over the last 20 years several species have moved steadily north — Red Admiral (",[47,268,49],{},") now breeds regularly in the Moscow region; several blue species have expanded their northern boundary in Finland.",[15,271,272,275,276,278],{},[36,273,274],{},"Contracting ranges",": Apollo (",[47,277,85],{},") has lost most of its western European populations; several wetland species have disappeared from drained areas.",[15,280,281,284],{},[36,282,283],{},"Fluctuations",": in good years Painted Lady and Red Admiral penetrate far north of usual; in poor years the picture is reversed. A map shows the \"average\" state, not a specific year.",[10,286,288],{"id":287},"accuracy-and-data-limitations","Accuracy and data limitations",[15,290,291],{},"Range maps are most accurate where there are more observers. Western Europe has the best coverage; Siberia and Central Asia have significant blank spots. In remote areas a range map reflects not actual distribution but distribution of observers.",[15,293,294],{},"Before using a map for serious tasks (scientific paper, protected area planning) check data currency — the range may have changed since the map was last updated.",[15,296,297,298,301,302,304],{},"For current point data — use ",[36,299,300],{},"GBIF"," (gbif.org) and ",[36,303,113],{},": both platforms are updated daily by thousands of observers worldwide.",{"title":306,"searchDepth":307,"depth":307,"links":308},"",2,[309,310,315,320,326,331,332],{"id":12,"depth":307,"text":13},{"id":23,"depth":307,"text":24,"children":311},[312,314],{"id":28,"depth":313,"text":29},3,{"id":63,"depth":313,"text":64},{"id":89,"depth":307,"text":90,"children":316},[317,318,319],{"id":96,"depth":313,"text":97},{"id":106,"depth":313,"text":107},{"id":127,"depth":313,"text":128},{"id":141,"depth":307,"text":142,"children":321},[322,323,324,325],{"id":145,"depth":313,"text":146},{"id":158,"depth":313,"text":159},{"id":81,"depth":313,"text":177},{"id":191,"depth":313,"text":192},{"id":201,"depth":307,"text":202,"children":327},[328,329,330],{"id":205,"depth":313,"text":206},{"id":212,"depth":313,"text":213},{"id":249,"depth":313,"text":250},{"id":256,"depth":307,"text":257},{"id":287,"depth":307,"text":288},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fkarty-rasprostraneniya.png","How to read butterfly range maps: what they show, what shapes distribution boundaries, data sources, and how to use atlas maps.","md",null,"Clean scientific illustration, world butterfly distribution map, colored dots and regions showing species ranges across continents, warm amber and forest green palette, minimal clean style, white background, top-down view",{},true,8,"atlas","\u002Fatlas\u002Fkarty-rasprostraneniya","01.05.2026",1,{"title":346,"description":347},"Butterfly Distribution Maps — How to Read Ranges and What They Mean","How to read butterfly range maps: distribution boundaries, data sources, range factors. Guide to the butterfly-atlas.ru atlas maps section.",{"loc":342},"atlas\u002Fkarty-rasprostraneniya","T4oEMgjyJMo9VGG7nk8kDYkiVEaNhJPzfoYKIK1I1No",[352,356,360,364,369,374,379,384],{"title":221,"description":353,"path":354,"coverImage":355,"publishedAt":343,"order":344},"Guide to butterflies of Russia: from tundra to Caucasus subtropics — more than 300 species of day-flying butterflies in the world's largest country.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya.png",{"title":225,"description":357,"path":358,"coverImage":359,"publishedAt":343,"order":307},"Butterflies of Europe: about 500 day-flying species, from the Mediterranean to the Arctic. Alps, Mediterranean, islands — the continent's richest regions.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa.png",{"title":229,"description":361,"path":362,"coverImage":363,"publishedAt":343,"order":313},"Butterflies of Asia: from the Arctic tundra of Siberia to the tropics of Southeast Asia. The largest continent with 5,000+ species of day-flying butterflies.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya.png",{"title":233,"description":365,"path":366,"coverImage":367,"publishedAt":343,"order":368},"Butterflies of Africa: about 3,500 day-flying species, from the Sahara to the Congo rainforests. Madagascar, East African Rift, Cape — the richest regions.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika.png",4,{"title":237,"description":370,"path":371,"coverImage":372,"publishedAt":343,"order":373},"Butterflies of North America: about 800 day-flying species, monarch, swallowtails, blues. USA, Canada, Mexico — different climate zones with unique faunas.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika.png",5,{"title":241,"description":375,"path":376,"coverImage":377,"publishedAt":343,"order":378},"Butterflies of South America: more than 3,500 day-flying species, Amazon, Andes. Morphos, heliconiids, ithomiids, birdwings — the richest region in the world.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika.png",6,{"title":245,"description":380,"path":381,"coverImage":382,"publishedAt":343,"order":383},"Butterflies of Australia and Oceania: about 400 species in Australia, Papua birdwings, unique Pacific islands. Isolated fauna with high endemism.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya.png",7,{"title":5,"description":334,"path":342,"coverImage":333,"publishedAt":343,"order":340},[],[],[],[389,394,400,406,411,417,423,429,434,439,444,449,454,460,466,471,476,481,487,492,497,502,507,512,517,522,527,532,537,542,548,553,558,563,569,575,581,587,593,598,603,609,614,619,624,629,634,639,644,650,655,660,666,671,676,681,687,693,699,704,709,714,719,723,724,725,726,727,728,729,730],{"title":390,"description":391,"path":392,"coverImage":393,"publishedAt":343,"order":336},"Butterflies of Altai Krai and the Altai Republic","Butterflies of the Altai: mountain species, Apollo, mnemosyne, more than 150 species in steppes and alpine meadows. Best routes for observation.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Faltayskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Faltayskiy-kray.png",{"title":395,"description":396,"path":397,"coverImage":398,"publishedAt":399,"order":336},"Butterflies of Argentina","Argentina has about 1,400 butterfly species across varied landscapes: subtropical Misiones, Andean Yungas cloud forests, Gran Chaco, and cold Patagonia.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fargentina","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fargentina.png","30.06.2026",{"title":401,"description":402,"path":403,"coverImage":404,"publishedAt":405,"order":336},"Butterflies of Australia","Australia has about 420 butterfly species — modest globally but with high endemism. Queensland's tropical rainforests hold most of the diversity.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Favstraliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Favstraliya.png","07.07.2026",{"title":407,"description":408,"path":409,"coverImage":410,"publishedAt":343,"order":336},"Butterflies of Austria","Austria is an Alpine country with exceptionally rich mountain butterfly fauna: more than 200 species, including unique alpine species and endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Favstriya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Favstriya.png",{"title":412,"description":413,"path":414,"coverImage":415,"publishedAt":416,"order":336},"Butterflies of Brazil","Brazil is the world leader in butterfly diversity: more than 3,500 species across Amazonia, the Cerrado, and the Atlantic Forest, with thousands of endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fbraziliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fbraziliya.jpg","14.06.2026",{"title":418,"description":419,"path":420,"coverImage":421,"publishedAt":422,"order":336},"Butterflies of Cameroon","Cameroon — Africa in miniature: mangroves, Sahel scrub, Congo rainforest. Around 900-1,000 species at the junction of West and Central Africa.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkamerun","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkamerun.png","19.07.2026",{"title":424,"description":425,"path":426,"coverImage":427,"publishedAt":428,"order":336},"Butterflies of Canada","Canada is a country of boreal forests and arctic tundra. About 300 day-flying butterfly species, including unique arctic and subarctic species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkanada","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkanada.png","28.05.2026",{"title":430,"description":431,"path":432,"coverImage":433,"publishedAt":343,"order":336},"Butterflies of China","China is the world leader in butterfly species: more than 2,000 species. Yunnan Province is one of the world's richest entomological regions.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkitay","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkitay.png",{"title":435,"description":436,"path":437,"coverImage":438,"publishedAt":416,"order":336},"Butterflies of Colombia","Colombia ranks third in the world for butterfly diversity: about 3,400 species, spanning Amazonia, the Andes, and a Caribbean coast on two oceans.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fkolombiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fkolombiya.jpg",{"title":440,"description":441,"path":442,"coverImage":443,"publishedAt":428,"order":336},"Butterflies of Costa Rica","Costa Rica is a world leader in butterfly species density. More than 1,500 species in a country smaller than Moscow Oblast.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkosta-rika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkosta-rika.png",{"title":445,"description":446,"path":447,"coverImage":448,"publishedAt":343,"order":336},"Butterflies of Crimea","Butterflies of the Crimean Peninsula: Mediterranean species, southern festoon, more than 130 day-flying butterflies on mountain yaylas and in steppes.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-krym","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-krym.png",{"title":450,"description":451,"path":452,"coverImage":453,"publishedAt":428,"order":336},"Butterflies of Cuba","Cuba is the largest Caribbean island with unique endemic butterfly fauna. About 200 day-flying species, many found nowhere else in the world.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkuba","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkuba.png",{"title":455,"description":456,"path":457,"coverImage":458,"publishedAt":459,"order":336},"Butterflies of Ecuador","Ecuador has the highest butterfly species density in the world: about 4,500 species in a country smaller than Germany, spanning Amazon and Andean forests.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fekvador","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fekvador.png","02.07.2026",{"title":461,"description":462,"path":463,"coverImage":464,"publishedAt":465,"order":336},"Butterflies of Ethiopia","Ethiopia's altitudinal range, from the Danakil Depression to the Simien Mountains, supports around 650–700 butterfly species, including Afromontane endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fetiopia","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fetiopia.png","21.07.2026",{"title":467,"description":468,"path":469,"coverImage":470,"publishedAt":343,"order":336},"Butterflies of Finland","About 120 species of day-flying butterflies live in Finland, rich in bog and forest species, with migrants from Central Europe on the southern coast.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffinlyandiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffinlyandiya.png",{"title":472,"description":473,"path":474,"coverImage":475,"publishedAt":343,"order":336},"Butterflies of France","France has the richest day-flying butterfly diversity in Western Europe — more than 250 species. From Pyrenean alpine meadows to Mediterranean maquis.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffranciya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffranciya.png",{"title":477,"description":478,"path":479,"coverImage":480,"publishedAt":343,"order":336},"Butterflies of Germany","Germany is one of Europe's most studied regions in entomology. About 3,700 Lepidoptera species, including more than 180 day-flying butterfly species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgermaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgermaniya.png",{"title":482,"description":483,"path":484,"coverImage":485,"publishedAt":486,"order":336},"Butterflies of Greece","Greece records around 230 species of day-flying butterflies — one of Europe's richest faunas, where warmth meets limestone mountains and eastern elements.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgreciya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgreciya.png","02.08.2026",{"title":488,"description":489,"path":490,"coverImage":491,"publishedAt":343,"order":336},"Butterflies of India","India ranks second in the world for butterfly species: about 1,500 day-flying species. The Western Ghats and Himalayas are global biodiversity hotspots.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findiya.png",{"title":493,"description":494,"path":495,"coverImage":496,"publishedAt":343,"order":336},"Butterflies of Indonesia","Indonesia is a world leader in birdwing species and one of the richest regions for butterfly fauna, with Borneo, Sulawesi, and New Guinea endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findoneziya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findoneziya.png",{"title":498,"description":499,"path":500,"coverImage":501,"publishedAt":343,"order":336},"Butterflies of Irkutsk Oblast (Lake Baikal)","Butterflies of Lake Baikal and Irkutsk Oblast: Siberian species and mountain butterflies of Khamar-Daban, more than 100 species on the sacred lake's shores.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Firkutskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Firkutskaya-oblast.png",{"title":503,"description":504,"path":505,"coverImage":506,"publishedAt":343,"order":336},"Butterflies of Italy","Italy has exceptionally rich butterfly fauna: more than 280 day-flying species. Alps, Apennines, Sicily, and Sardinia create enormous biotope diversity.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fitaliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fitaliya.png",{"title":508,"description":509,"path":510,"coverImage":511,"publishedAt":343,"order":336},"Butterflies of Japan","Japan has exceptionally rich butterfly fauna: more than 240 day-flying species, with island-arc endemics, seasonal migrants, and unique mountain species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fyaponiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fyaponiya.png",{"title":513,"description":514,"path":515,"coverImage":516,"publishedAt":343,"order":336},"Butterflies of Kaliningrad Oblast","Butterflies of Kaliningrad Oblast: West European species on the amber coast, about 90 day-flying species, wet meadows and dunes of the Curonian Spit.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkaliningradskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkaliningradskaya-oblast.png",{"title":518,"description":519,"path":520,"coverImage":521,"publishedAt":343,"order":336},"Butterflies of Kazakhstan","Kazakhstan is the largest country in Central Asia, with about 400 butterfly species across the Tian Shan and Altai mountains, steppes, and deserts.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkazakstan","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkazakstan.png",{"title":523,"description":524,"path":525,"coverImage":526,"publishedAt":428,"order":336},"Butterflies of Kenya","Kenya is an African leader in butterfly tourism. More than 800 day-flying species in savannas, mountain forests, and coastal mangroves.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkeniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkeniya.png",{"title":528,"description":529,"path":530,"coverImage":531,"publishedAt":343,"order":336},"Butterflies of Krasnodar Krai","Butterflies of Krasnodar Krai and the Black Sea coast: more than 180 species, Caucasian and subtropical species, best observation sites.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkrasnodarskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkrasnodarskiy-kray.png",{"title":533,"description":534,"path":535,"coverImage":536,"publishedAt":343,"order":336},"Butterflies of Leningrad Oblast","Butterflies of Leningrad Oblast and Saint Petersburg: about 80 species in taiga forests, bogs, and meadows. Species, seasons, and observation sites.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fleningradskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fleningradskaya-oblast.png",{"title":538,"description":539,"path":540,"coverImage":541,"publishedAt":428,"order":336},"Butterflies of Madagascar","Madagascar is an island of endemics with a unique butterfly fauna. About 300 day-flying species, most found nowhere else in the world.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmadagaskar","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmadagaskar.png",{"title":543,"description":544,"path":545,"coverImage":546,"publishedAt":547,"order":336},"Butterflies of Malaysia","Malaysia harbours around 1,300 butterfly species across Peninsular Malaysia and Bornean Sabah and Sarawak. Rajah Brooke's Birdwing is the national butterfly.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmalajziya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmalajziya.png","13.07.2026",{"title":549,"description":550,"path":551,"coverImage":552,"publishedAt":428,"order":336},"Butterflies of Mexico","Mexico has one of the world's richest butterfly diversities: more than 2,000 species, monarch wintering grounds, and neotropical jungles of the Yucatán.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fmeksika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fmeksika.png",{"title":554,"description":555,"path":556,"coverImage":557,"publishedAt":428,"order":336},"Butterflies of Morocco","Morocco is the gateway to Africa for European entomologists, with about 200 species: Atlas mountain species, Mediterranean migrants, and Saharan specialists.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmarokko","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmarokko.png",{"title":559,"description":560,"path":561,"coverImage":562,"publishedAt":343,"order":336},"Butterflies of Moscow Oblast","Butterfly species of Moscow Oblast: more than 120 day-flying species in forests, meadows, and river valleys. Best observation sites and flight seasons.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fmoskovskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fmoskovskaya-oblast.png",{"title":564,"description":565,"path":566,"coverImage":567,"publishedAt":568,"order":336},"Butterflies of Myanmar","Myanmar lies at the crossroads of the Indo-Malayan and Indo-Chinese faunal zones, with an estimated 900–1,000 butterfly species — one of Asia's richest.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmjanmar","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmjanmar.png","14.08.2026",{"title":570,"description":571,"path":572,"coverImage":573,"publishedAt":574,"order":336},"Butterflies of Nepal","Nepal compresses an 8,700-metre altitudinal range into a narrow strip — from Terai plains to the highest peaks — producing around 650 butterfly species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fnepalj","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fnepalj.png","25.07.2026",{"title":576,"description":577,"path":578,"coverImage":579,"publishedAt":580,"order":336},"Butterflies of New Zealand","New Zealand has only about 20 native butterfly species — one of the smallest faunas — but endemism is high, with several found nowhere else.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fnovaya-zelandiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fnovaya-zelandiya.png","11.07.2026",{"title":582,"description":583,"path":584,"coverImage":585,"publishedAt":586,"order":336},"Butterflies of Nigeria","Nigeria is home to about 1,000 butterfly species, including the African Giant Swallowtail — Africa's largest. Cross River rainforest is a key hotspot.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fnigeriya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fnigeriya.png","17.07.2026",{"title":588,"description":589,"path":590,"coverImage":591,"publishedAt":592,"order":336},"Butterflies of Norway","Around 85 butterfly species are recorded in Norway, whose latitudinal range spans mild coasts and harsh Arctic fell, supporting boreal and Arctic specialists.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fnorvegiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fnorvegiya.png","29.07.2026",{"title":594,"description":595,"path":596,"coverImage":597,"publishedAt":343,"order":336},"Butterflies of Novosibirsk Oblast (Western Siberia)","Butterflies of Novosibirsk Oblast: West Siberian species, more than 80 day-flying butterflies in forest-steppe and birch groves.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fnovosibirskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fnovosibirskaya-oblast.png",{"title":599,"description":600,"path":601,"coverImage":602,"publishedAt":428,"order":336},"Butterflies of Panama","Panama is the isthmus between two Americas, a biological corridor for thousands of species, with more than 1,200 species on migration and speciation routes.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fpanama","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fpanama.png",{"title":604,"description":605,"path":606,"coverImage":607,"publishedAt":608,"order":336},"Butterflies of Papua New Guinea","Papua New Guinea is home to over 800 butterfly species, including the Queen Alexandra's Birdwing, the world's largest butterfly with a 280mm wingspan.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fpapua-novaya-gvineya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fpapua-novaya-gvineya.png","09.07.2026",{"title":610,"description":611,"path":612,"coverImage":613,"publishedAt":416,"order":336},"Butterflies of Peru","Peru ranks second in the world for butterfly diversity: more than 3,500 species, across the Amazon basin, the Andes, and the Pacific coast.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fperu","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fperu.jpg",{"title":615,"description":616,"path":617,"coverImage":618,"publishedAt":343,"order":336},"Butterflies of Poland","Poland lies at the junction of Western and Eastern European faunas, with about 160 species, including apollo, clouded apollo, and marsh fritillary.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fpolsha","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fpolsha.png",{"title":620,"description":621,"path":622,"coverImage":623,"publishedAt":343,"order":336},"Butterflies of Primorsky Krai","Butterflies of Primorye: unique Far Eastern fauna, Maack’s swallowtail, more than 200 day-flying species in cedar–broadleaf forests.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fprimorskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fprimorskiy-kray.png",{"title":625,"description":626,"path":627,"coverImage":628,"publishedAt":343,"order":336},"Butterflies of Rostov Oblast","Butterflies of Rostov Oblast: steppe species of the Don steppes, more than 100 day-flying butterflies, unique steppe blues and ringlets.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frostovskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frostovskaya-oblast.png",{"title":630,"description":631,"path":632,"coverImage":633,"publishedAt":343,"order":336},"Butterflies of Samara Oblast (Volga region)","Butterflies of Samara Oblast: forest-steppe species of the Volga, Zhiguli Mountains, more than 100 day-flying butterflies on the banks of the Volga.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsamarskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsamarskaya-oblast.png",{"title":635,"description":636,"path":637,"coverImage":638,"publishedAt":428,"order":336},"Butterflies of South Africa","South Africa is Africa's most studied country in entomology. More than 660 day-flying species and a unique fauna of the Cape Floristic Region.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fyuzhnaya-afrika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fyuzhnaya-afrika.png",{"title":640,"description":641,"path":642,"coverImage":643,"publishedAt":343,"order":336},"Butterflies of Spain","Spain has the greatest day-flying butterfly diversity in Western Europe: more than 230 species, including Iberian endemics and high-mountain swallowtails.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fispaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fispaniya.png",{"title":645,"description":646,"path":647,"coverImage":648,"publishedAt":649,"order":336},"Butterflies of Sri Lanka","Sri Lanka's compact geography, split between wet southwest and dry northeast, supports around 245 butterfly species, including 25+ endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fshri-lanka","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fshri-lanka.png","23.07.2026",{"title":651,"description":652,"path":653,"coverImage":654,"publishedAt":343,"order":336},"Butterflies of Stavropol Krai","Butterflies of Stavropol Krai: steppe and mountain species of the Pre-Caucasus, more than 140 day-flying butterflies at the foot of the Caucasus.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fstavropolskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fstavropolskiy-kray.png",{"title":656,"description":657,"path":658,"coverImage":659,"publishedAt":343,"order":336},"Butterflies of Sverdlovsk Oblast (Urals)","Butterflies of Sverdlovsk Oblast and the Urals: mountain and taiga species, Apollo and other protected butterflies, observation sites in the Middle Urals.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsverdlovskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsverdlovskaya-oblast.png",{"title":661,"description":662,"path":663,"coverImage":664,"publishedAt":665,"order":336},"Butterflies of Sweden","Sweden records around 120 butterfly species. Its long north–south extent spans Central European fauna in the south to true Arctic specialists in Lapland.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fshveciya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fshveciya.png","08.08.2026",{"title":667,"description":668,"path":669,"coverImage":670,"publishedAt":428,"order":336},"Butterflies of Tanzania","Tanzania — land of Kilimanjaro and tropical forests. More than 750 day-flying species in mountains, savannas, and coastal forests of Zanzibar.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Ftanzaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Ftanzaniya.png",{"title":672,"description":673,"path":674,"coverImage":675,"publishedAt":343,"order":336},"Butterflies of Thailand","Thailand is a tropical country with more than 1,200 butterfly species. Doi Inthanon and Khao Yai are among the best observation sites in Southeast Asia.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Ftailand","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Ftailand.png",{"title":677,"description":678,"path":679,"coverImage":680,"publishedAt":343,"order":336},"Butterflies of Turkey","Turkey lies at the junction of Europe and Asia with rich fauna: more than 450 butterfly species. The Taurus Mountains are a unique center of endemism.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fturtsiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fturtsiya.png",{"title":682,"description":683,"path":684,"coverImage":685,"publishedAt":686,"order":336},"Butterflies of Uganda","Uganda records around 1,200 butterfly species — one of Africa's highest densities, home to species found nowhere else, including the world's largest.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fuganda","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fuganda.png","16.08.2026",{"title":688,"description":689,"path":690,"coverImage":691,"publishedAt":692,"order":336},"Butterflies of Venezuela","Venezuela is home to about 1,500 butterfly species and world-famous for its tepuis — ancient sandstone table mountains with high levels of butterfly endemism.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fvenecuela","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fvenecuela.png","04.07.2026",{"title":694,"description":695,"path":696,"coverImage":697,"publishedAt":698,"order":336},"Butterflies of Vietnam","Vietnam is home to around 1,500 butterfly species. Its narrow S-shape spans subtropical north to equatorial south, producing exceptional habitat diversity.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fvetnam","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fvetnam.png","15.07.2026",{"title":700,"description":701,"path":702,"coverImage":703,"publishedAt":343,"order":336},"Butterflies of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Southern Urals)","Butterflies of Bashkortostan: mountain and steppe species of the Southern Urals, Apollo, more than 120 species in mountains and mixed-grass steppes.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-bashkortostan","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-bashkortostan.png",{"title":705,"description":706,"path":707,"coverImage":708,"publishedAt":343,"order":336},"Butterflies of the Republic of Karelia","Butterflies of Karelia: northern taiga species, bog butterflies, about 60 day-flying species on lake shores and in pine forests.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-kareliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-kareliya.png",{"title":710,"description":711,"path":712,"coverImage":713,"publishedAt":343,"order":336},"Butterflies of the United Kingdom","About 60 species of day-flying butterflies live in the United Kingdom — few in number, but several unique to island fauna, with a strong watching culture.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fvelikobritaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fvelikobritaniya.png",{"title":715,"description":716,"path":717,"coverImage":718,"publishedAt":428,"order":336},"Butterflies of the United States","The United States is one of the world's most studied regions for butterfly biodiversity, with more than 700 species from Alaska's tundra to Florida's swamps.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fssha","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fssha.png",{"title":720,"description":721,"path":722,"coverImage":336,"publishedAt":343,"order":336},"World Butterfly Atlas","Geographic butterfly atlas: species diversity by continent and region — from Arctic tundra to tropical forests, with ranges and flight seasons.","\u002Fatlas",{"title":221,"description":353,"path":354,"coverImage":355,"publishedAt":343,"order":344},{"title":225,"description":357,"path":358,"coverImage":359,"publishedAt":343,"order":307},{"title":229,"description":361,"path":362,"coverImage":363,"publishedAt":343,"order":313},{"title":233,"description":365,"path":366,"coverImage":367,"publishedAt":343,"order":368},{"title":237,"description":370,"path":371,"coverImage":372,"publishedAt":343,"order":373},{"title":241,"description":375,"path":376,"coverImage":377,"publishedAt":343,"order":378},{"title":245,"description":380,"path":381,"coverImage":382,"publishedAt":343,"order":383},{"title":5,"description":334,"path":342,"coverImage":333,"publishedAt":343,"order":340},1787125891379]