[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":741},["ShallowReactive",2],{"atlas_en:\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa":3,"alt-locale:atlas_en:\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa":332,"section-listing:atlas_en:\u002Fatlas":343,"related-covers:en:":384,"section-listing:atlas_en:\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa":385,"section-listing:disabled":444,"section-collection:atlas_en":445},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"coverImage":326,"description":327,"extension":328,"faq":329,"imagePrompt":330,"meta":331,"navigation":332,"order":311,"pageType":333,"path":334,"publishedAt":335,"readingMinutes":336,"region":329,"relatedLinks":329,"seo":337,"sitemap":340,"stem":341,"updatedAt":329,"__hash__":342},"atlas_en\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa.md","Europe",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":309},"minimark",[9,14,23,26,30,33,48,54,60,64,69,72,121,125,128,132,135,139,142,146,155,164,173,182,191,200,204,211,224,231,240,244,247,270,274,300],[10,11,13],"h2",{"id":12},"butterflies-of-europe-in-numbers","Butterflies of Europe in numbers",[15,16,17,18,22],"p",{},"Europe is a small continent with a temperate climate, and its Lepidoptera fauna is considerably poorer than that of the tropics. About ",[19,20,21],"strong",{},"500 species"," of day-flying butterflies (Papilionoidea) occur across the continent, of which individual countries have 100–200. For comparison: one hectare of Amazon forest often contains more species than all of Western Europe.",[15,24,25],{},"Nevertheless, Europe is well studied entomologically — every species is documented, ranges are known to district level, making it an ideal region to begin observing.",[10,27,29],{"id":28},"zones-of-species-richness","Zones of species richness",[15,31,32],{},"Species diversity increases sharply from north to south.",[15,34,35,38,39,43,44,47],{},[19,36,37],{},"Northern Europe (Scandinavia, Finland, Baltic states):"," 60–100 species. Short summers reduce the season to 3–4 months. Arctic and subarctic species are characteristic: satyrs (",[40,41,42],"em",{},"Erebia","), bog ringlets (",[40,45,46],{},"Coenonympha tullia","), sulphurs.",[15,49,50,53],{},[19,51,52],{},"Central Europe (Germany, Poland, Czech Republic):"," 130–180 species. Moderately continental climate. The fauna is dominated by meadow whites, nymphalids, and blues; in the Alps and Sudetes — Apollo and high-mountain satyrs.",[15,55,56,59],{},[19,57,58],{},"Mediterranean (southern France, Spain, Italy, Greece, Balkans):"," 300–400 species. Hot summers and mild winters allow 3–4 generations per year. Most European endemics — species not found outside the region — are concentrated here.",[10,61,63],{"id":62},"europes-richest-regions","Europe's richest regions",[65,66,68],"h3",{"id":67},"alps-and-pyrenees","Alps and Pyrenees",[15,70,71],{},"Mountain systems are biodiversity \"islands\". About 200 species of day-flying butterflies occur in the Alps, including:",[73,74,75,86,95,101,110],"ul",{},[76,77,78,81,82,85],"li",{},[19,79,80],{},"Apollo"," (",[40,83,84],{},"Parnassius apollo",") — on alpine meadows with stonecrop",[76,87,88,81,91,94],{},[19,89,90],{},"Clouded Apollo",[40,92,93],{},"Parnassius mnemosyne",") — in subalpine forests with Corydalis",[76,96,97,98,100],{},"Numerous satyrs (",[40,99,42],{},") — each altitudinal belt has its own set of species",[76,102,103,81,106,109],{},[19,104,105],{},"Mountain Clouded Yellow",[40,107,108],{},"Colias phicomone",") — above 1,500 m",[76,111,112,113,116,117,120],{},"Mountain blues: ",[40,114,115],{},"Polyommatus eros",", ",[40,118,119],{},"Agriades glandon",", and others",[65,122,124],{"id":123},"mediterranean-greece-and-turkey","Mediterranean Greece and Turkey",[15,126,127],{},"The Balkan Peninsula and Anatolia are a crossroads of European, Middle Eastern, and Central Asian faunas. Up to 400 species occur here, including many endemics. The mountain areas of the Peloponnese and central Greece are among the best places in Europe for observation.",[65,129,131],{"id":130},"iberian-peninsula","Iberian Peninsula",[15,133,134],{},"Spain and Portugal have high endemism: several species of blues, checkerspots, and fritillaries occur only here. Mountain areas are especially rich — the Pyrenees, Sierra Nevada, Cantabrian Mountains.",[65,136,138],{"id":137},"carpathians-and-balkans","Carpathians and Balkans",[15,140,141],{},"A buffer zone between Central and Eastern Europe. Relatively sparsely populated mountain territories have preserved extensive meadows and old forests. Several East European species rare or absent further west occur here.",[10,143,145],{"id":144},"characteristic-european-species","Characteristic European species",[15,147,148,81,151,154],{},[19,149,150],{},"Black-veined White",[40,152,153],{},"Aporia crataegi",") — white with dark veins; a common species of gardens and forest edges, forming population outbreaks.",[15,156,157,81,160,163],{},[19,158,159],{},"Orange Tip",[40,161,162],{},"Anthocharis cardamines",") — the first early-spring white; male with a bright orange \"spot\" on the forewing.",[15,165,166,81,169,172],{},[19,167,168],{},"Common Blue",[40,170,171],{},"Polyommatus icarus",") — the most common \"blue\" in Europe; male blue, female brown.",[15,174,175,81,178,181],{},[19,176,177],{},"Ethiopian Ringlet",[40,179,180],{},"Erebia aethiops",") — one of the most widespread species of the genus in mountains and foothills.",[15,183,184,81,187,190],{},[19,185,186],{},"Red Admiral",[40,188,189],{},"Vanessa atalanta",") — a migratory species; migrates from North Africa and southern Europe to Central and Northern Europe each spring.",[15,192,193,81,196,199],{},[19,194,195],{},"Painted Lady",[40,197,198],{},"Vanessa cardui",") — the most widely distributed species in Europe and the world; in good years forms enormous migration streams.",[10,201,203],{"id":202},"european-species-under-threat","European species under threat",[15,205,206,207,210],{},"Europe has a well-established butterfly monitoring system. According to the European Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (eBMS), butterfly numbers on meadows have declined by ",[19,208,209],{},"39%"," over the last 30 years. Meadow specialists have suffered especially.",[15,212,213,81,216,219,220,223],{},[19,214,215],{},"Large Blue",[40,217,218],{},"Phengaris arion",") — requires the simultaneous presence of thyme and ants of the genus ",[40,221,222],{},"Myrmica",". It became extinct in Britain in 1979 and was successfully reintroduced from Sweden in 1983–84 — one of the clearest examples of successful species recovery.",[15,225,226,81,228,230],{},[19,227,90],{},[40,229,93],{},") — disappeared from many areas due to forest encroachment on subalpine meadows.",[15,232,233,81,236,239],{},[19,234,235],{},"Marsh Fritillary",[40,237,238],{},"Euphydryas aurinia",") — sharp population decline due to drainage of wetlands and cessation of mowing on wet meadows.",[10,241,243],{"id":242},"islands","Islands",[15,245,246],{},"European islands have impoverished but often endemic faunas:",[73,248,249,258,264],{},[76,250,251,254,255],{},[19,252,253],{},"Corsica and Sardinia:"," several endemic subspecies or species, including ",[40,256,257],{},"Hipparchia neomiris",[76,259,260,263],{},[19,261,262],{},"Canary Islands:"," several endemic species; unique environment due to altitudinal zonation in a warm climate",[76,265,266,269],{},[19,267,268],{},"British Isles:"," about 60 resident species — very few for Western Europe; explained by isolation and unstable climate",[10,271,273],{"id":272},"best-time-for-observations","Best time for observations",[73,275,276,282,288,294],{},[76,277,278,281],{},[19,279,280],{},"Early spring (March–April):"," overwintered species — Small Tortoiseshell, Peacock, Brimstone, Mourning Cloak",[76,283,284,287],{},[19,285,286],{},"Late spring (May):"," peak diversity in Central Europe; in the Mediterranean — already warm",[76,289,290,293],{},[19,291,292],{},"Summer (June–July):"," greatest species richness in the Alps and Balkans",[76,295,296,299],{},[19,297,298],{},"Late summer (August):"," migrants — Painted Lady and Red Admiral — at peak abundance",[15,301,302,303,308],{},"For the fauna of Russia as part of the European zone — see the ",[304,305,307],"a",{"href":306},"\u002Fen\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya","Russia"," section.",{"title":310,"searchDepth":311,"depth":311,"links":312},"",2,[313,314,315,322,323,324,325],{"id":12,"depth":311,"text":13},{"id":28,"depth":311,"text":29},{"id":62,"depth":311,"text":63,"children":316},[317,319,320,321],{"id":67,"depth":318,"text":68},3,{"id":123,"depth":318,"text":124},{"id":130,"depth":318,"text":131},{"id":137,"depth":318,"text":138},{"id":144,"depth":311,"text":145},{"id":202,"depth":311,"text":203},{"id":242,"depth":311,"text":243},{"id":272,"depth":311,"text":273},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa.png","Butterflies of Europe: about 500 day-flying species, from the Mediterranean to the Arctic. Alps, Mediterranean, islands — the continent's richest regions.","md",null,"Photorealistic nature photo, European alpine meadow with Papilio machaon and Parnassius apollo butterflies on wildflowers, Swiss Alps background, bright summer day, crisp mountain air atmosphere, 16:9",{},true,"atlas","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa","01.05.2026",1,{"title":338,"description":339},"Butterflies of Europe — Species, Ranges, Best Observation Sites","Butterflies of Europe: 500 day-flying species, Alps, Mediterranean, Balkans. Most interesting species, threats, and best observation locations.",{"loc":334},"atlas\u002Fevropa","hlfGFvoyNguNEKcUpNnmI0b3mtN0ukFjZDKdAqvdShE",[344,348,349,354,360,366,372,378],{"title":307,"description":345,"path":346,"coverImage":347,"publishedAt":335,"order":336},"Guide to butterflies of Russia: from tundra to Caucasus subtropics — more than 300 species of day-flying butterflies in the world's largest country.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya.png",{"title":5,"description":327,"path":334,"coverImage":326,"publishedAt":335,"order":311},{"title":350,"description":351,"path":352,"coverImage":353,"publishedAt":335,"order":318},"Asia","Butterflies of Asia: from the Arctic tundra of Siberia to the tropics of Southeast Asia. The largest continent with 5,000+ species of day-flying butterflies.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya.png",{"title":355,"description":356,"path":357,"coverImage":358,"publishedAt":335,"order":359},"Africa","Butterflies of Africa: about 3,500 day-flying species, from the Sahara to the Congo rainforests. Madagascar, East African Rift, Cape — the richest regions.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika.png",4,{"title":361,"description":362,"path":363,"coverImage":364,"publishedAt":335,"order":365},"North America","Butterflies of North America: about 800 day-flying species, monarch, swallowtails, blues. USA, Canada, Mexico — different climate zones with unique faunas.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika.png",5,{"title":367,"description":368,"path":369,"coverImage":370,"publishedAt":335,"order":371},"South America","Butterflies of South America: more than 3,500 day-flying species, Amazon, Andes. Morphos, heliconiids, ithomiids, birdwings — the richest region in the world.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika.png",6,{"title":373,"description":374,"path":375,"coverImage":376,"publishedAt":335,"order":377},"Australia and Oceania","Butterflies of Australia and Oceania: about 400 species in Australia, Papua birdwings, unique Pacific islands. Isolated fauna with high endemism.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya.png",7,{"title":379,"description":380,"path":381,"coverImage":382,"publishedAt":335,"order":383},"Distribution maps","How to read butterfly range maps: what they show, what shapes distribution boundaries, data sources, and how to use atlas maps.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fkarty-rasprostraneniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fkarty-rasprostraneniya.png",8,[],[386,391,396,401,406,412,417,423,428,433,439],{"title":387,"description":388,"path":389,"coverImage":390,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},"Butterflies of Austria","Austria is an Alpine country with exceptionally rich mountain butterfly fauna: more than 200 species, including unique alpine species and endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Favstriya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Favstriya.png",{"title":392,"description":393,"path":394,"coverImage":395,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},"Butterflies of Finland","About 120 species of day-flying butterflies live in Finland, rich in bog and forest species, with migrants from Central Europe on the southern coast.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffinlyandiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffinlyandiya.png",{"title":397,"description":398,"path":399,"coverImage":400,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},"Butterflies of France","France has the richest day-flying butterfly diversity in Western Europe — more than 250 species. From Pyrenean alpine meadows to Mediterranean maquis.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffranciya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffranciya.png",{"title":402,"description":403,"path":404,"coverImage":405,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},"Butterflies of Germany","Germany is one of Europe's most studied regions in entomology. About 3,700 Lepidoptera species, including more than 180 day-flying butterfly species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgermaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgermaniya.png",{"title":407,"description":408,"path":409,"coverImage":410,"publishedAt":411,"order":329},"Butterflies of Greece","Greece records around 230 species of day-flying butterflies — one of Europe's richest faunas, where warmth meets limestone mountains and eastern elements.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgreciya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgreciya.png","02.08.2026",{"title":413,"description":414,"path":415,"coverImage":416,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},"Butterflies of Italy","Italy has exceptionally rich butterfly fauna: more than 280 day-flying species. Alps, Apennines, Sicily, and Sardinia create enormous biotope diversity.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fitaliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fitaliya.png",{"title":418,"description":419,"path":420,"coverImage":421,"publishedAt":422,"order":329},"Butterflies of Norway","Around 85 butterfly species are recorded in Norway, whose latitudinal range spans mild coasts and harsh Arctic fell, supporting boreal and Arctic specialists.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fnorvegiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fnorvegiya.png","29.07.2026",{"title":424,"description":425,"path":426,"coverImage":427,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},"Butterflies of Poland","Poland lies at the junction of Western and Eastern European faunas, with about 160 species, including apollo, clouded apollo, and marsh fritillary.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fpolsha","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fpolsha.png",{"title":429,"description":430,"path":431,"coverImage":432,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},"Butterflies of Spain","Spain has the greatest day-flying butterfly diversity in Western Europe: more than 230 species, including Iberian endemics and high-mountain swallowtails.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fispaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fispaniya.png",{"title":434,"description":435,"path":436,"coverImage":437,"publishedAt":438,"order":329},"Butterflies of Sweden","Sweden records around 120 butterfly species. Its long north–south extent spans Central European fauna in the south to true Arctic specialists in Lapland.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fshveciya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fshveciya.png","08.08.2026",{"title":440,"description":441,"path":442,"coverImage":443,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},"Butterflies of the United Kingdom","About 60 species of day-flying butterflies live in the United Kingdom — few in number, but several unique to island fauna, with a strong watching culture.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fvelikobritaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fvelikobritaniya.png",[],[446,451,457,463,464,470,476,482,487,492,497,502,507,513,519,520,521,522,523,528,533,538,539,544,549,554,559,564,569,574,580,585,590,595,601,607,613,619,620,625,630,636,641,642,647,652,657,662,663,669,674,679,680,685,690,695,701,707,713,718,723,724,729,733,734,735,736,737,738,739,740],{"title":447,"description":448,"path":449,"coverImage":450,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},"Butterflies of Altai Krai and the Altai Republic","Butterflies of the Altai: mountain species, Apollo, mnemosyne, more than 150 species in steppes and alpine meadows. Best routes for observation.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Faltayskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Faltayskiy-kray.png",{"title":452,"description":453,"path":454,"coverImage":455,"publishedAt":456,"order":329},"Butterflies of Argentina","Argentina has about 1,400 butterfly species across varied landscapes: subtropical Misiones, Andean Yungas cloud forests, Gran Chaco, and cold Patagonia.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fargentina","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fargentina.png","30.06.2026",{"title":458,"description":459,"path":460,"coverImage":461,"publishedAt":462,"order":329},"Butterflies of Australia","Australia has about 420 butterfly species — modest globally but with high endemism. Queensland's tropical rainforests hold most of the diversity.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Favstraliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Favstraliya.png","07.07.2026",{"title":387,"description":388,"path":389,"coverImage":390,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},{"title":465,"description":466,"path":467,"coverImage":468,"publishedAt":469,"order":329},"Butterflies of Brazil","Brazil is the world leader in butterfly diversity: more than 3,500 species across Amazonia, the Cerrado, and the Atlantic Forest, with thousands of endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fbraziliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fbraziliya.jpg","14.06.2026",{"title":471,"description":472,"path":473,"coverImage":474,"publishedAt":475,"order":329},"Butterflies of Cameroon","Cameroon — Africa in miniature: mangroves, Sahel scrub, Congo rainforest. Around 900-1,000 species at the junction of West and Central Africa.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkamerun","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkamerun.png","19.07.2026",{"title":477,"description":478,"path":479,"coverImage":480,"publishedAt":481,"order":329},"Butterflies of Canada","Canada is a country of boreal forests and arctic tundra. About 300 day-flying butterfly species, including unique arctic and subarctic species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkanada","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkanada.png","28.05.2026",{"title":483,"description":484,"path":485,"coverImage":486,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},"Butterflies of China","China is the world leader in butterfly species: more than 2,000 species. Yunnan Province is one of the world's richest entomological regions.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkitay","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkitay.png",{"title":488,"description":489,"path":490,"coverImage":491,"publishedAt":469,"order":329},"Butterflies of Colombia","Colombia ranks third in the world for butterfly diversity: about 3,400 species, spanning Amazonia, the Andes, and a Caribbean coast on two oceans.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fkolombiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fkolombiya.jpg",{"title":493,"description":494,"path":495,"coverImage":496,"publishedAt":481,"order":329},"Butterflies of Costa Rica","Costa Rica is a world leader in butterfly species density. More than 1,500 species in a country smaller than Moscow Oblast.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkosta-rika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkosta-rika.png",{"title":498,"description":499,"path":500,"coverImage":501,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},"Butterflies of Crimea","Butterflies of the Crimean Peninsula: Mediterranean species, southern festoon, more than 130 day-flying butterflies on mountain yaylas and in steppes.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-krym","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-krym.png",{"title":503,"description":504,"path":505,"coverImage":506,"publishedAt":481,"order":329},"Butterflies of Cuba","Cuba is the largest Caribbean island with unique endemic butterfly fauna. About 200 day-flying species, many found nowhere else in the world.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkuba","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkuba.png",{"title":508,"description":509,"path":510,"coverImage":511,"publishedAt":512,"order":329},"Butterflies of Ecuador","Ecuador has the highest butterfly species density in the world: about 4,500 species in a country smaller than Germany, spanning Amazon and Andean forests.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fekvador","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fekvador.png","02.07.2026",{"title":514,"description":515,"path":516,"coverImage":517,"publishedAt":518,"order":329},"Butterflies of Ethiopia","Ethiopia's altitudinal range, from the Danakil Depression to the Simien Mountains, supports around 650–700 butterfly species, including Afromontane endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fetiopia","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fetiopia.png","21.07.2026",{"title":392,"description":393,"path":394,"coverImage":395,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},{"title":397,"description":398,"path":399,"coverImage":400,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},{"title":402,"description":403,"path":404,"coverImage":405,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},{"title":407,"description":408,"path":409,"coverImage":410,"publishedAt":411,"order":329},{"title":524,"description":525,"path":526,"coverImage":527,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},"Butterflies of India","India ranks second in the world for butterfly species: about 1,500 day-flying species. The Western Ghats and Himalayas are global biodiversity hotspots.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findiya.png",{"title":529,"description":530,"path":531,"coverImage":532,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},"Butterflies of Indonesia","Indonesia is a world leader in birdwing species and one of the richest regions for butterfly fauna, with Borneo, Sulawesi, and New Guinea endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findoneziya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findoneziya.png",{"title":534,"description":535,"path":536,"coverImage":537,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},"Butterflies of Irkutsk Oblast (Lake Baikal)","Butterflies of Lake Baikal and Irkutsk Oblast: Siberian species and mountain butterflies of Khamar-Daban, more than 100 species on the sacred lake's shores.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Firkutskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Firkutskaya-oblast.png",{"title":413,"description":414,"path":415,"coverImage":416,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},{"title":540,"description":541,"path":542,"coverImage":543,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},"Butterflies of Japan","Japan has exceptionally rich butterfly fauna: more than 240 day-flying species, with island-arc endemics, seasonal migrants, and unique mountain species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fyaponiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fyaponiya.png",{"title":545,"description":546,"path":547,"coverImage":548,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},"Butterflies of Kaliningrad Oblast","Butterflies of Kaliningrad Oblast: West European species on the amber coast, about 90 day-flying species, wet meadows and dunes of the Curonian Spit.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkaliningradskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkaliningradskaya-oblast.png",{"title":550,"description":551,"path":552,"coverImage":553,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},"Butterflies of Kazakhstan","Kazakhstan is the largest country in Central Asia, with about 400 butterfly species across the Tian Shan and Altai mountains, steppes, and deserts.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkazakstan","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkazakstan.png",{"title":555,"description":556,"path":557,"coverImage":558,"publishedAt":481,"order":329},"Butterflies of Kenya","Kenya is an African leader in butterfly tourism. More than 800 day-flying species in savannas, mountain forests, and coastal mangroves.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkeniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkeniya.png",{"title":560,"description":561,"path":562,"coverImage":563,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},"Butterflies of Krasnodar Krai","Butterflies of Krasnodar Krai and the Black Sea coast: more than 180 species, Caucasian and subtropical species, best observation sites.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkrasnodarskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkrasnodarskiy-kray.png",{"title":565,"description":566,"path":567,"coverImage":568,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},"Butterflies of Leningrad Oblast","Butterflies of Leningrad Oblast and Saint Petersburg: about 80 species in taiga forests, bogs, and meadows. Species, seasons, and observation sites.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fleningradskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fleningradskaya-oblast.png",{"title":570,"description":571,"path":572,"coverImage":573,"publishedAt":481,"order":329},"Butterflies of Madagascar","Madagascar is an island of endemics with a unique butterfly fauna. About 300 day-flying species, most found nowhere else in the world.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmadagaskar","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmadagaskar.png",{"title":575,"description":576,"path":577,"coverImage":578,"publishedAt":579,"order":329},"Butterflies of Malaysia","Malaysia harbours around 1,300 butterfly species across Peninsular Malaysia and Bornean Sabah and Sarawak. Rajah Brooke's Birdwing is the national butterfly.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmalajziya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmalajziya.png","13.07.2026",{"title":581,"description":582,"path":583,"coverImage":584,"publishedAt":481,"order":329},"Butterflies of Mexico","Mexico has one of the world's richest butterfly diversities: more than 2,000 species, monarch wintering grounds, and neotropical jungles of the Yucatán.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fmeksika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fmeksika.png",{"title":586,"description":587,"path":588,"coverImage":589,"publishedAt":481,"order":329},"Butterflies of Morocco","Morocco is the gateway to Africa for European entomologists, with about 200 species: Atlas mountain species, Mediterranean migrants, and Saharan specialists.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmarokko","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmarokko.png",{"title":591,"description":592,"path":593,"coverImage":594,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},"Butterflies of Moscow Oblast","Butterfly species of Moscow Oblast: more than 120 day-flying species in forests, meadows, and river valleys. Best observation sites and flight seasons.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fmoskovskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fmoskovskaya-oblast.png",{"title":596,"description":597,"path":598,"coverImage":599,"publishedAt":600,"order":329},"Butterflies of Myanmar","Myanmar lies at the crossroads of the Indo-Malayan and Indo-Chinese faunal zones, with an estimated 900–1,000 butterfly species — one of Asia's richest.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmjanmar","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmjanmar.png","14.08.2026",{"title":602,"description":603,"path":604,"coverImage":605,"publishedAt":606,"order":329},"Butterflies of Nepal","Nepal compresses an 8,700-metre altitudinal range into a narrow strip — from Terai plains to the highest peaks — producing around 650 butterfly species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fnepalj","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fnepalj.png","25.07.2026",{"title":608,"description":609,"path":610,"coverImage":611,"publishedAt":612,"order":329},"Butterflies of New Zealand","New Zealand has only about 20 native butterfly species — one of the smallest faunas — but endemism is high, with several found nowhere else.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fnovaya-zelandiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fnovaya-zelandiya.png","11.07.2026",{"title":614,"description":615,"path":616,"coverImage":617,"publishedAt":618,"order":329},"Butterflies of Nigeria","Nigeria is home to about 1,000 butterfly species, including the African Giant Swallowtail — Africa's largest. Cross River rainforest is a key hotspot.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fnigeriya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fnigeriya.png","17.07.2026",{"title":418,"description":419,"path":420,"coverImage":421,"publishedAt":422,"order":329},{"title":621,"description":622,"path":623,"coverImage":624,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},"Butterflies of Novosibirsk Oblast (Western Siberia)","Butterflies of Novosibirsk Oblast: West Siberian species, more than 80 day-flying butterflies in forest-steppe and birch groves.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fnovosibirskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fnovosibirskaya-oblast.png",{"title":626,"description":627,"path":628,"coverImage":629,"publishedAt":481,"order":329},"Butterflies of Panama","Panama is the isthmus between two Americas, a biological corridor for thousands of species, with more than 1,200 species on migration and speciation routes.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fpanama","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fpanama.png",{"title":631,"description":632,"path":633,"coverImage":634,"publishedAt":635,"order":329},"Butterflies of Papua New Guinea","Papua New Guinea is home to over 800 butterfly species, including the Queen Alexandra's Birdwing, the world's largest butterfly with a 280mm wingspan.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fpapua-novaya-gvineya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fpapua-novaya-gvineya.png","09.07.2026",{"title":637,"description":638,"path":639,"coverImage":640,"publishedAt":469,"order":329},"Butterflies of Peru","Peru ranks second in the world for butterfly diversity: more than 3,500 species, across the Amazon basin, the Andes, and the Pacific coast.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fperu","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fperu.jpg",{"title":424,"description":425,"path":426,"coverImage":427,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},{"title":643,"description":644,"path":645,"coverImage":646,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},"Butterflies of Primorsky Krai","Butterflies of Primorye: unique Far Eastern fauna, Maack’s swallowtail, more than 200 day-flying species in cedar–broadleaf forests.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fprimorskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fprimorskiy-kray.png",{"title":648,"description":649,"path":650,"coverImage":651,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},"Butterflies of Rostov Oblast","Butterflies of Rostov Oblast: steppe species of the Don steppes, more than 100 day-flying butterflies, unique steppe blues and ringlets.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frostovskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frostovskaya-oblast.png",{"title":653,"description":654,"path":655,"coverImage":656,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},"Butterflies of Samara Oblast (Volga region)","Butterflies of Samara Oblast: forest-steppe species of the Volga, Zhiguli Mountains, more than 100 day-flying butterflies on the banks of the Volga.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsamarskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsamarskaya-oblast.png",{"title":658,"description":659,"path":660,"coverImage":661,"publishedAt":481,"order":329},"Butterflies of South Africa","South Africa is Africa's most studied country in entomology. More than 660 day-flying species and a unique fauna of the Cape Floristic Region.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fyuzhnaya-afrika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fyuzhnaya-afrika.png",{"title":429,"description":430,"path":431,"coverImage":432,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},{"title":664,"description":665,"path":666,"coverImage":667,"publishedAt":668,"order":329},"Butterflies of Sri Lanka","Sri Lanka's compact geography, split between wet southwest and dry northeast, supports around 245 butterfly species, including 25+ endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fshri-lanka","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fshri-lanka.png","23.07.2026",{"title":670,"description":671,"path":672,"coverImage":673,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},"Butterflies of Stavropol Krai","Butterflies of Stavropol Krai: steppe and mountain species of the Pre-Caucasus, more than 140 day-flying butterflies at the foot of the Caucasus.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fstavropolskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fstavropolskiy-kray.png",{"title":675,"description":676,"path":677,"coverImage":678,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},"Butterflies of Sverdlovsk Oblast (Urals)","Butterflies of Sverdlovsk Oblast and the Urals: mountain and taiga species, Apollo and other protected butterflies, observation sites in the Middle Urals.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsverdlovskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsverdlovskaya-oblast.png",{"title":434,"description":435,"path":436,"coverImage":437,"publishedAt":438,"order":329},{"title":681,"description":682,"path":683,"coverImage":684,"publishedAt":481,"order":329},"Butterflies of Tanzania","Tanzania — land of Kilimanjaro and tropical forests. More than 750 day-flying species in mountains, savannas, and coastal forests of Zanzibar.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Ftanzaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Ftanzaniya.png",{"title":686,"description":687,"path":688,"coverImage":689,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},"Butterflies of Thailand","Thailand is a tropical country with more than 1,200 butterfly species. Doi Inthanon and Khao Yai are among the best observation sites in Southeast Asia.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Ftailand","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Ftailand.png",{"title":691,"description":692,"path":693,"coverImage":694,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},"Butterflies of Turkey","Turkey lies at the junction of Europe and Asia with rich fauna: more than 450 butterfly species. The Taurus Mountains are a unique center of endemism.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fturtsiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fturtsiya.png",{"title":696,"description":697,"path":698,"coverImage":699,"publishedAt":700,"order":329},"Butterflies of Uganda","Uganda records around 1,200 butterfly species — one of Africa's highest densities, home to species found nowhere else, including the world's largest.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fuganda","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fuganda.png","16.08.2026",{"title":702,"description":703,"path":704,"coverImage":705,"publishedAt":706,"order":329},"Butterflies of Venezuela","Venezuela is home to about 1,500 butterfly species and world-famous for its tepuis — ancient sandstone table mountains with high levels of butterfly endemism.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fvenecuela","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fvenecuela.png","04.07.2026",{"title":708,"description":709,"path":710,"coverImage":711,"publishedAt":712,"order":329},"Butterflies of Vietnam","Vietnam is home to around 1,500 butterfly species. Its narrow S-shape spans subtropical north to equatorial south, producing exceptional habitat diversity.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fvetnam","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fvetnam.png","15.07.2026",{"title":714,"description":715,"path":716,"coverImage":717,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},"Butterflies of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Southern Urals)","Butterflies of Bashkortostan: mountain and steppe species of the Southern Urals, Apollo, more than 120 species in mountains and mixed-grass steppes.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-bashkortostan","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-bashkortostan.png",{"title":719,"description":720,"path":721,"coverImage":722,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},"Butterflies of the Republic of Karelia","Butterflies of Karelia: northern taiga species, bog butterflies, about 60 day-flying species on lake shores and in pine forests.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-kareliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-kareliya.png",{"title":440,"description":441,"path":442,"coverImage":443,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},{"title":725,"description":726,"path":727,"coverImage":728,"publishedAt":481,"order":329},"Butterflies of the United States","The United States is one of the world's most studied regions for butterfly biodiversity, with more than 700 species from Alaska's tundra to Florida's swamps.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fssha","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fssha.png",{"title":730,"description":731,"path":732,"coverImage":329,"publishedAt":335,"order":329},"World Butterfly Atlas","Geographic butterfly atlas: species diversity by continent and region — from Arctic tundra to tropical forests, with ranges and flight seasons.","\u002Fatlas",{"title":307,"description":345,"path":346,"coverImage":347,"publishedAt":335,"order":336},{"title":5,"description":327,"path":334,"coverImage":326,"publishedAt":335,"order":311},{"title":350,"description":351,"path":352,"coverImage":353,"publishedAt":335,"order":318},{"title":355,"description":356,"path":357,"coverImage":358,"publishedAt":335,"order":359},{"title":361,"description":362,"path":363,"coverImage":364,"publishedAt":335,"order":365},{"title":367,"description":368,"path":369,"coverImage":370,"publishedAt":335,"order":371},{"title":373,"description":374,"path":375,"coverImage":376,"publishedAt":335,"order":377},{"title":379,"description":380,"path":381,"coverImage":382,"publishedAt":335,"order":383},1787125891371]