[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":841},["ShallowReactive",2],{"atlas_en:\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fshri-lanka":3,"alt-locale:atlas_en:\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fshri-lanka":412,"section-listing:disabled":440,"related-covers:en:":441,"related-covers:en:\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya|\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findiya|\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Ftailand|\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findoneziya":442,"section-listing:atlas_en:\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya":451,"section-collection:atlas_en":506,"section-listing:atlas_en:\u002Fatlas":832},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"coverImage":397,"description":398,"extension":399,"faq":400,"imagePrompt":410,"meta":411,"navigation":412,"order":413,"pageType":414,"path":415,"publishedAt":416,"readingMinutes":387,"region":413,"relatedLinks":417,"seo":434,"sitemap":437,"stem":438,"updatedAt":413,"__hash__":439},"atlas_en\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fshri-lanka.md","Butterflies of Sri Lanka",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":385},"minimark",[9,14,18,21,28,34,45,49,55,58,119,122,126,133,139,176,182,186,197,242,248,252,259,266,276,283,290,299,303,306,312,318,324,328,331,357,363,367],[10,11,13],"h2",{"id":12},"an-island-of-contrasts","An island of contrasts",[15,16,17],"p",{},"Sri Lanka is a small island — roughly 430 km long and 220 km wide — lying off the southern tip of India, separated from the mainland by the shallow Palk Strait. Despite its modest size, Sri Lanka contains one of the highest levels of endemic biodiversity of any island in Asia, a consequence of its long partial isolation and the extreme diversity of habitats produced by its topography and two-monsoon climate.",[15,19,20],{},"The island is broadly divided into two ecological zones that define its butterfly fauna:",[15,22,23,27],{},[24,25,26],"strong",{},"The wet zone"," — the southwestern quarter and central highlands — receives abundant rainfall from the southwest monsoon. Here, dense rainforest, montane cloud forest, and mist-shrouded peaks harbour the majority of Sri Lanka's endemic species.",[15,29,30,33],{},[24,31,32],{},"The dry zone"," — the north, east, and north-central plains — is drier and more seasonally predictable, dominated by dry deciduous forest, scrub, and agricultural land. The butterfly fauna here is less endemic but connects broadly with the dry-country fauna of southern India.",[15,35,36,37,40,41,44],{},"With approximately ",[24,38,39],{},"245 resident species"," including around ",[24,42,43],{},"25–27 endemics",", Sri Lanka punches well above its weight in terms of butterfly diversity relative to its area.",[10,46,48],{"id":47},"sinharaja-forest-reserve","Sinharaja Forest Reserve",[15,50,51,54],{},[24,52,53],{},"Sinharaja"," is the centrepiece of Sri Lankan butterfly conservation. This 111 km² UNESCO World Heritage Site (inscribed 1988) in the southwestern lowlands preserves one of the last substantial areas of primary lowland rainforest on the island. It is arguably the richest single butterfly site in South Asia per unit area.",[15,56,57],{},"Key species of Sinharaja include:",[59,60,61,73,82,95,104],"ul",{},[62,63,64,67,68,72],"li",{},[24,65,66],{},"Sri Lanka Rose"," (",[69,70,71],"em",{},"Pachliopta jophon",") — the island's largest endemic swallowtail; scarlet hindwings; slow-flapping glide through the forest understory",[62,74,75,67,78,81],{},[24,76,77],{},"Sri Lanka Birdwing",[69,79,80],{},"Troides darsius",") — large golden-yellow and black; canopy glider; males at flowers in sunlit gaps",[62,83,84,67,87,90,91,94],{},[24,85,86],{},"Ceylon Tree Nymph",[69,88,89],{},"Idea iasonia",") — Sri Lanka's only species of ",[69,92,93],{},"Idea","; large, paper-white with black spots; slow, drifting flight through forest interior",[62,96,97,67,100,103],{},[24,98,99],{},"Sri Lanka Lacewing",[69,101,102],{},"Cethosia nietneri",") — striking orange-and-black; active in dappled light along stream margins",[62,105,106,107,110,111,114,115,118],{},"Multiple endemic ",[69,108,109],{},"Neptis"," sailers, ",[69,112,113],{},"Lethe"," and ",[69,116,117],{},"Mycalesis"," browns, and numerous endemic lycaenids",[15,120,121],{},"Sinharaja receives the highest annual rainfall in Sri Lanka (over 5,000 mm at some stations), making dry-season visits (January–April) essential for comfortable exploration. Guided walks along the main forest trail and the buffer zone edges are the most productive approach; the forest interior can be explored on community-managed trails.",[10,123,125],{"id":124},"the-central-highlands","The Central Highlands",[15,127,128,129,132],{},"The ",[24,130,131],{},"Central Highlands"," — including Adams Peak (Sri Pada, 2,243 m), Horton Plains National Park (2,100–2,300 m), and the Knuckles Mountain Range (up to 1,863 m) — form a distinct ecological zone with a characteristic Afromontane-influenced flora and several high-altitude endemic butterflies.",[15,134,135,138],{},[24,136,137],{},"Horton Plains National Park"," (3,160 ha, Sri Lanka's highest protected area) is the primary site for montane endemic butterflies:",[59,140,141,150,159,167],{},[62,142,143,67,146,149],{},[24,144,145],{},"Blachier's Hedge Blue",[69,147,148],{},"Udara lanka",") — small, pale blue; grassland edge",[62,151,152,67,155,158],{},[24,153,154],{},"Pea Blue",[69,156,157],{},"Lampides boeticus",") — cosmopolitan species that reaches Horton Plains but is accompanied by endemic relatives",[62,160,161,162,114,164,166],{},"Several endemic ",[69,163,117],{},[69,165,113],{}," species restricted to the montane grasslands above 1,800 m",[62,168,169,67,172,175],{},[24,170,171],{},"Great Orange Tip",[69,173,174],{},"Hebomoia leucippe",") — dramatic large pierid at forest edges",[15,177,128,178,181],{},[24,179,180],{},"Knuckles Mountain Range"," north of Kandy is a UNESCO World Heritage Site (2010) in its own right — a complex of ridges, valleys, and cloud forest patches with both lowland wet-zone and montane species in close proximity. It is less visited than Sinharaja but considered equally rich by specialists.",[10,183,185],{"id":184},"dry-zone-and-ancient-forests","Dry zone and ancient forests",[15,187,188,189,192,193,196],{},"Sri Lanka's dry zone covers more than half the island and contains its own distinct butterfly fauna. The dry deciduous forests of the ",[24,190,191],{},"North Central Province"," (around Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa) and the national parks of the ",[24,194,195],{},"eastern coast"," (Gal Oya, Lahugala) harbour:",[59,198,199,208,217,226,235],{},[62,200,201,67,204,207],{},[24,202,203],{},"Blue Mormon",[69,205,206],{},"Papilio polymnestor",") — large, spectacular swallowtail; citrus family caterpillars; common throughout the island but most visible in the dry zone",[62,209,210,67,213,216],{},[24,211,212],{},"Common Nawab",[69,214,215],{},"Polyura athamas",") — powerful charaxine nymphalid; fast, high-flying",[62,218,219,67,222,225],{},[24,220,221],{},"Lemon Emigrant",[69,223,224],{},"Catopsilia pomona",") — abundant yellow pierid; notable migrations along dry-zone river valleys during monsoon",[62,227,228,67,231,234],{},[24,229,230],{},"Tamil Lacewing",[69,232,233],{},"Cethosia mahratta",") — dry-zone counterpart to the wet-zone Lacewing; orange-and-black",[62,236,237,238,241],{},"Multiple ",[69,239,240],{},"Junonia"," pansies at dry-zone waterhole margins and scrub edges",[15,243,244,247],{},[24,245,246],{},"Yala National Park"," — Sri Lanka's most visited wildlife reserve — is not primarily a butterfly destination, but its dry mixed evergreen forest and scrub support a good cross-section of the dry-zone fauna, and butterflies are conspicuous in the morning hours before tourist vehicles concentrate at water holes.",[10,249,251],{"id":250},"iconic-species","Iconic species",[15,253,254,67,256,258],{},[24,255,66],{},[69,257,71],{},") — endemic; largest and most dramatic of the island's swallowtails; Sinharaja and Knuckles.",[15,260,261,67,263,265],{},[24,262,77],{},[69,264,80],{},") — endemic; among the largest butterflies in South Asia; males brilliant yellow and black; canopy species of the wet zone.",[15,267,268,67,270,272,273,275],{},[24,269,86],{},[69,271,89],{},") — endemic; the island's only ",[69,274,93],{}," species; spectacular slow-gliding flight; forests of the wet zone.",[15,277,278,67,280,282],{},[24,279,203],{},[69,281,206],{},") — not endemic but common and dramatic; large black-and-iridescent-blue swallowtail; widespread through forests and gardens.",[15,284,285,67,287,289],{},[24,286,99],{},[69,288,102],{},") — endemic; bright orange and white with lace-like black pattern; stream-margin forest.",[15,291,292,67,295,298],{},[24,293,294],{},"Psyche",[69,296,297],{},"Leptosia nina",") — not endemic but characteristically Sri Lankan in feel; tiny white butterfly with slow, bouncing flight low over shaded ground; ubiquitous in forest understory.",[10,300,302],{"id":301},"observation-seasonality","Observation seasonality",[15,304,305],{},"Sri Lanka's butterfly year is shaped by the two monsoons:",[15,307,308,311],{},[24,309,310],{},"Southwest monsoon"," (May–September): brings heavy rain to the wet zone; Sinharaja and the highlands become difficult and less productive for adult watching. Simultaneously, the dry zone (north, east) has its best butterfly weather.",[15,313,314,317],{},[24,315,316],{},"Northeast monsoon"," (November–January): brings rain to the north and east; the wet zone and central highlands enjoy relatively dry, sunny conditions — their best butterfly season.",[15,319,320,323],{},[24,321,322],{},"January–April"," is generally considered the best single period island-wide: the northeast monsoon has ended, the southwest monsoon has not yet begun, and both wet-zone and dry-zone sites are productive simultaneously.",[10,325,327],{"id":326},"conservation","Conservation",[15,329,330],{},"Sri Lanka has a relatively well-developed protected area network for its size. Key pressures on butterfly populations include:",[59,332,333,339,345,351],{},[62,334,335,338],{},[24,336,337],{},"Deforestation",": less than 23% of Sri Lanka's original forest cover remains; the wet zone has lost more than 80% of its original extent",[62,340,341,344],{},[24,342,343],{},"Tea and rubber plantation expansion",": the central highlands have been extensively converted; the remaining forest patches are islands in a sea of monoculture",[62,346,347,350],{},[24,348,349],{},"Tourism pressure",": Sinharaja, Horton Plains, and Knuckles all experience visitor pressure that damages trails and disturbs forest edge habitats",[62,352,353,356],{},[24,354,355],{},"Pesticide use"," in agricultural areas bordering the dry-zone national parks",[15,358,128,359,362],{},[24,360,361],{},"Department of Wildlife Conservation"," manages the island's national parks and sanctuaries. NGO programmes focused on Sinharaja and the Knuckles include community-based ecotourism initiatives that provide conservation incentives for adjacent communities.",[10,364,366],{"id":365},"interesting-facts","Interesting facts",[59,368,369,372,379,382],{},[62,370,371],{},"Sri Lanka is sometimes called the \"teardrop of India\" for its geographical shape — the same tear-shaped outline that, seen from the air, appears to be dripping the biodiversity of the subcontinent into the Indian Ocean in concentrated form",[62,373,128,374,67,376,378],{},[24,375,77],{},[69,377,80],{},") is listed on CITES Appendix II, meaning international trade requires export permits — one of only a handful of South Asian butterflies with this protection",[62,380,381],{},"Sri Lanka's dry-zone tanks (ancient irrigation reservoirs) up to 2,000 years old create wetland habitats within the dry zone that support a distinctive riparian butterfly community not found in either the pure rainforest or the dry scrub",[62,383,384],{},"Several Sri Lankan endemic butterflies have only been described in recent decades — the Knuckles Mountain Range in particular has yielded new species records as recently as the 2000s and 2010s, suggesting the island's fauna is still being fully documented",{"title":386,"searchDepth":387,"depth":387,"links":388},"",2,[389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396],{"id":12,"depth":387,"text":13},{"id":47,"depth":387,"text":48},{"id":124,"depth":387,"text":125},{"id":184,"depth":387,"text":185},{"id":250,"depth":387,"text":251},{"id":301,"depth":387,"text":302},{"id":326,"depth":387,"text":327},{"id":365,"depth":387,"text":366},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fshri-lanka.png","Sri Lanka's compact geography, split between wet southwest and dry northeast, supports around 245 butterfly species, including 25+ endemics.","md",[401,404,407],{"q":402,"a":403},"How many butterfly species does Sri Lanka have?","Sri Lanka has approximately 245 resident butterfly species, of which around 25–27 are considered endemic — found nowhere else in the world. The total is relatively modest compared to the much larger mainland of India (roughly 1,300 species), but the density of endemism is exceptional for such a small island. The richest sites are in the wet zone: Sinharaja Forest Reserve, Peak Wilderness Sanctuary, and the Knuckles Mountain Range each hold over 100 species in a small area, with many endemics restricted to these highland forest patches.",{"q":405,"a":406},"What is the most famous endemic butterfly of Sri Lanka?","The Sri Lanka Rose (Pachliopta jophon) is probably the island's most celebrated endemic butterfly. A large, striking swallowtail with deep crimson hindwings and a slow, deliberate flight, it inhabits the rainforests of the wet zone and is considered a flagship species for Sinharaja and the central highlands. The Sri Lanka Birdwing (Troides darsius) is also highly sought by visitors — a large, brilliant golden-yellow and black birdwing restricted to the island. Both species feed as caterpillars on Aristolochia vines in the forest understory.",{"q":408,"a":409},"What is the best time to visit Sri Lanka for butterflies?","Sri Lanka's butterfly season is largely defined by the monsoon pattern. The best conditions for butterfly observation in the wet zone (Sinharaja, Knuckles, Horton Plains) are from January to April — the dry season in the south and west, when adult butterflies are most active and forest trails are accessible. The dry zone (north, east, north-central) is best from May to September, during the southwest monsoon when the wet zone receives heavy rain but the dry zone remains comparatively dry. Year-round species can be found in gardens and secondary vegetation throughout the island.","Photorealistic nature photo, Sri Lanka Rose (Pachliopta jophon) butterfly with crimson hindwings on tropical forest flowers, dense Sinharaja rainforest canopy in background, dappled tropical light through tall trees, 16:9",{},true,null,"atlas","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fshri-lanka","23.07.2026",[418,422,426,430],{"label":419,"path":420,"description":421},"Asia","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya","Overview of butterflies of Asia",{"label":423,"path":424,"description":425},"India","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findiya","Butterflies of India — the subcontinent fauna",{"label":427,"path":428,"description":429},"Thailand","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Ftailand","Butterflies of Thailand",{"label":431,"path":432,"description":433},"Indonesia","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findoneziya","Butterflies of Indonesia — Southeast Asian diversity",{"title":435,"description":436},"Butterflies of Sri Lanka — 245 Species, 25 Endemics, Sinharaja","Sri Lanka butterfly guide: 245 species, 25 endemics including the Sri Lanka Rose and Sri Lanka Birdwing. Sinharaja, Horton Plains, wet zone vs. dry zone, best seasons.",{"loc":415},"atlas\u002Faziya\u002Fshri-lanka","3sdskGoFdFTihxYomY903quD0w9vXfmPUsj1rXCkbA4",[],[],[443,445,447,449],{"label":419,"path":420,"description":421,"coverImage":444,"latinName":413},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya.png",{"label":423,"path":424,"description":425,"coverImage":446,"latinName":413},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findiya.png",{"label":427,"path":428,"description":429,"coverImage":448,"latinName":413},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Ftailand.png",{"label":431,"path":432,"description":433,"coverImage":450,"latinName":413},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findoneziya.png",[452,458,461,464,469,474,480,486,492,493,495,500],{"title":453,"description":454,"path":455,"coverImage":456,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},"Butterflies of China","China is the world leader in butterfly species: more than 2,000 species. Yunnan Province is one of the world's richest entomological regions.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkitay","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkitay.png","01.05.2026",{"title":459,"description":460,"path":424,"coverImage":446,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},"Butterflies of India","India ranks second in the world for butterfly species: about 1,500 day-flying species. The Western Ghats and Himalayas are global biodiversity hotspots.",{"title":462,"description":463,"path":432,"coverImage":450,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},"Butterflies of Indonesia","Indonesia is a world leader in birdwing species and one of the richest regions for butterfly fauna, with Borneo, Sulawesi, and New Guinea endemics.",{"title":465,"description":466,"path":467,"coverImage":468,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},"Butterflies of Japan","Japan has exceptionally rich butterfly fauna: more than 240 day-flying species, with island-arc endemics, seasonal migrants, and unique mountain species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fyaponiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fyaponiya.png",{"title":470,"description":471,"path":472,"coverImage":473,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},"Butterflies of Kazakhstan","Kazakhstan is the largest country in Central Asia, with about 400 butterfly species across the Tian Shan and Altai mountains, steppes, and deserts.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkazakstan","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkazakstan.png",{"title":475,"description":476,"path":477,"coverImage":478,"publishedAt":479,"order":413},"Butterflies of Malaysia","Malaysia harbours around 1,300 butterfly species across Peninsular Malaysia and Bornean Sabah and Sarawak. Rajah Brooke's Birdwing is the national butterfly.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmalajziya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmalajziya.png","13.07.2026",{"title":481,"description":482,"path":483,"coverImage":484,"publishedAt":485,"order":413},"Butterflies of Myanmar","Myanmar lies at the crossroads of the Indo-Malayan and Indo-Chinese faunal zones, with an estimated 900–1,000 butterfly species — one of Asia's richest.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmjanmar","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmjanmar.png","14.08.2026",{"title":487,"description":488,"path":489,"coverImage":490,"publishedAt":491,"order":413},"Butterflies of Nepal","Nepal compresses an 8,700-metre altitudinal range into a narrow strip — from Terai plains to the highest peaks — producing around 650 butterfly species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fnepalj","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fnepalj.png","25.07.2026",{"title":5,"description":398,"path":415,"coverImage":397,"publishedAt":416,"order":413},{"title":429,"description":494,"path":428,"coverImage":448,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},"Thailand is a tropical country with more than 1,200 butterfly species. Doi Inthanon and Khao Yai are among the best observation sites in Southeast Asia.",{"title":496,"description":497,"path":498,"coverImage":499,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},"Butterflies of Turkey","Turkey lies at the junction of Europe and Asia with rich fauna: more than 450 butterfly species. The Taurus Mountains are a unique center of endemism.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fturtsiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fturtsiya.png",{"title":501,"description":502,"path":503,"coverImage":504,"publishedAt":505,"order":413},"Butterflies of Vietnam","Vietnam is home to around 1,500 butterfly species. Its narrow S-shape spans subtropical north to equatorial south, producing exceptional habitat diversity.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fvetnam","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fvetnam.png","15.07.2026",[507,512,518,524,529,535,541,547,548,553,558,563,568,574,580,585,590,595,601,602,603,608,613,614,619,620,625,630,635,640,641,646,651,656,657,658,664,670,676,681,686,692,697,702,707,712,717,722,727,728,733,738,744,749,750,751,757,763,764,769,774,779,784,788,794,799,802,808,814,820,826],{"title":508,"description":509,"path":510,"coverImage":511,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},"Butterflies of Altai Krai and the Altai Republic","Butterflies of the Altai: mountain species, Apollo, mnemosyne, more than 150 species in steppes and alpine meadows. Best routes for observation.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Faltayskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Faltayskiy-kray.png",{"title":513,"description":514,"path":515,"coverImage":516,"publishedAt":517,"order":413},"Butterflies of Argentina","Argentina has about 1,400 butterfly species across varied landscapes: subtropical Misiones, Andean Yungas cloud forests, Gran Chaco, and cold Patagonia.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fargentina","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fargentina.png","30.06.2026",{"title":519,"description":520,"path":521,"coverImage":522,"publishedAt":523,"order":413},"Butterflies of Australia","Australia has about 420 butterfly species — modest globally but with high endemism. Queensland's tropical rainforests hold most of the diversity.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Favstraliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Favstraliya.png","07.07.2026",{"title":525,"description":526,"path":527,"coverImage":528,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},"Butterflies of Austria","Austria is an Alpine country with exceptionally rich mountain butterfly fauna: more than 200 species, including unique alpine species and endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Favstriya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Favstriya.png",{"title":530,"description":531,"path":532,"coverImage":533,"publishedAt":534,"order":413},"Butterflies of Brazil","Brazil is the world leader in butterfly diversity: more than 3,500 species across Amazonia, the Cerrado, and the Atlantic Forest, with thousands of endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fbraziliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fbraziliya.jpg","14.06.2026",{"title":536,"description":537,"path":538,"coverImage":539,"publishedAt":540,"order":413},"Butterflies of Cameroon","Cameroon — Africa in miniature: mangroves, Sahel scrub, Congo rainforest. Around 900-1,000 species at the junction of West and Central Africa.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkamerun","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkamerun.png","19.07.2026",{"title":542,"description":543,"path":544,"coverImage":545,"publishedAt":546,"order":413},"Butterflies of Canada","Canada is a country of boreal forests and arctic tundra. About 300 day-flying butterfly species, including unique arctic and subarctic species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkanada","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkanada.png","28.05.2026",{"title":453,"description":454,"path":455,"coverImage":456,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},{"title":549,"description":550,"path":551,"coverImage":552,"publishedAt":534,"order":413},"Butterflies of Colombia","Colombia ranks third in the world for butterfly diversity: about 3,400 species, spanning Amazonia, the Andes, and a Caribbean coast on two oceans.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fkolombiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fkolombiya.jpg",{"title":554,"description":555,"path":556,"coverImage":557,"publishedAt":546,"order":413},"Butterflies of Costa Rica","Costa Rica is a world leader in butterfly species density. More than 1,500 species in a country smaller than Moscow Oblast.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkosta-rika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkosta-rika.png",{"title":559,"description":560,"path":561,"coverImage":562,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},"Butterflies of Crimea","Butterflies of the Crimean Peninsula: Mediterranean species, southern festoon, more than 130 day-flying butterflies on mountain yaylas and in steppes.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-krym","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-krym.png",{"title":564,"description":565,"path":566,"coverImage":567,"publishedAt":546,"order":413},"Butterflies of Cuba","Cuba is the largest Caribbean island with unique endemic butterfly fauna. About 200 day-flying species, many found nowhere else in the world.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkuba","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkuba.png",{"title":569,"description":570,"path":571,"coverImage":572,"publishedAt":573,"order":413},"Butterflies of Ecuador","Ecuador has the highest butterfly species density in the world: about 4,500 species in a country smaller than Germany, spanning Amazon and Andean forests.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fekvador","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fekvador.png","02.07.2026",{"title":575,"description":576,"path":577,"coverImage":578,"publishedAt":579,"order":413},"Butterflies of Ethiopia","Ethiopia's altitudinal range, from the Danakil Depression to the Simien Mountains, supports around 650–700 butterfly species, including Afromontane endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fetiopia","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fetiopia.png","21.07.2026",{"title":581,"description":582,"path":583,"coverImage":584,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},"Butterflies of Finland","About 120 species of day-flying butterflies live in Finland, rich in bog and forest species, with migrants from Central Europe on the southern coast.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffinlyandiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffinlyandiya.png",{"title":586,"description":587,"path":588,"coverImage":589,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},"Butterflies of France","France has the richest day-flying butterfly diversity in Western Europe — more than 250 species. From Pyrenean alpine meadows to Mediterranean maquis.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffranciya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffranciya.png",{"title":591,"description":592,"path":593,"coverImage":594,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},"Butterflies of Germany","Germany is one of Europe's most studied regions in entomology. About 3,700 Lepidoptera species, including more than 180 day-flying butterfly species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgermaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgermaniya.png",{"title":596,"description":597,"path":598,"coverImage":599,"publishedAt":600,"order":413},"Butterflies of Greece","Greece records around 230 species of day-flying butterflies — one of Europe's richest faunas, where warmth meets limestone mountains and eastern elements.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgreciya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgreciya.png","02.08.2026",{"title":459,"description":460,"path":424,"coverImage":446,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},{"title":462,"description":463,"path":432,"coverImage":450,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},{"title":604,"description":605,"path":606,"coverImage":607,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},"Butterflies of Irkutsk Oblast (Lake Baikal)","Butterflies of Lake Baikal and Irkutsk Oblast: Siberian species and mountain butterflies of Khamar-Daban, more than 100 species on the sacred lake's shores.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Firkutskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Firkutskaya-oblast.png",{"title":609,"description":610,"path":611,"coverImage":612,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},"Butterflies of Italy","Italy has exceptionally rich butterfly fauna: more than 280 day-flying species. Alps, Apennines, Sicily, and Sardinia create enormous biotope diversity.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fitaliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fitaliya.png",{"title":465,"description":466,"path":467,"coverImage":468,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},{"title":615,"description":616,"path":617,"coverImage":618,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},"Butterflies of Kaliningrad Oblast","Butterflies of Kaliningrad Oblast: West European species on the amber coast, about 90 day-flying species, wet meadows and dunes of the Curonian Spit.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkaliningradskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkaliningradskaya-oblast.png",{"title":470,"description":471,"path":472,"coverImage":473,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},{"title":621,"description":622,"path":623,"coverImage":624,"publishedAt":546,"order":413},"Butterflies of Kenya","Kenya is an African leader in butterfly tourism. More than 800 day-flying species in savannas, mountain forests, and coastal mangroves.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkeniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkeniya.png",{"title":626,"description":627,"path":628,"coverImage":629,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},"Butterflies of Krasnodar Krai","Butterflies of Krasnodar Krai and the Black Sea coast: more than 180 species, Caucasian and subtropical species, best observation sites.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkrasnodarskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkrasnodarskiy-kray.png",{"title":631,"description":632,"path":633,"coverImage":634,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},"Butterflies of Leningrad Oblast","Butterflies of Leningrad Oblast and Saint Petersburg: about 80 species in taiga forests, bogs, and meadows. Species, seasons, and observation sites.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fleningradskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fleningradskaya-oblast.png",{"title":636,"description":637,"path":638,"coverImage":639,"publishedAt":546,"order":413},"Butterflies of Madagascar","Madagascar is an island of endemics with a unique butterfly fauna. About 300 day-flying species, most found nowhere else in the world.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmadagaskar","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmadagaskar.png",{"title":475,"description":476,"path":477,"coverImage":478,"publishedAt":479,"order":413},{"title":642,"description":643,"path":644,"coverImage":645,"publishedAt":546,"order":413},"Butterflies of Mexico","Mexico has one of the world's richest butterfly diversities: more than 2,000 species, monarch wintering grounds, and neotropical jungles of the Yucatán.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fmeksika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fmeksika.png",{"title":647,"description":648,"path":649,"coverImage":650,"publishedAt":546,"order":413},"Butterflies of Morocco","Morocco is the gateway to Africa for European entomologists, with about 200 species: Atlas mountain species, Mediterranean migrants, and Saharan specialists.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmarokko","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmarokko.png",{"title":652,"description":653,"path":654,"coverImage":655,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},"Butterflies of Moscow Oblast","Butterfly species of Moscow Oblast: more than 120 day-flying species in forests, meadows, and river valleys. Best observation sites and flight seasons.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fmoskovskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fmoskovskaya-oblast.png",{"title":481,"description":482,"path":483,"coverImage":484,"publishedAt":485,"order":413},{"title":487,"description":488,"path":489,"coverImage":490,"publishedAt":491,"order":413},{"title":659,"description":660,"path":661,"coverImage":662,"publishedAt":663,"order":413},"Butterflies of New Zealand","New Zealand has only about 20 native butterfly species — one of the smallest faunas — but endemism is high, with several found nowhere else.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fnovaya-zelandiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fnovaya-zelandiya.png","11.07.2026",{"title":665,"description":666,"path":667,"coverImage":668,"publishedAt":669,"order":413},"Butterflies of Nigeria","Nigeria is home to about 1,000 butterfly species, including the African Giant Swallowtail — Africa's largest. Cross River rainforest is a key hotspot.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fnigeriya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fnigeriya.png","17.07.2026",{"title":671,"description":672,"path":673,"coverImage":674,"publishedAt":675,"order":413},"Butterflies of Norway","Around 85 butterfly species are recorded in Norway, whose latitudinal range spans mild coasts and harsh Arctic fell, supporting boreal and Arctic specialists.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fnorvegiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fnorvegiya.png","29.07.2026",{"title":677,"description":678,"path":679,"coverImage":680,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},"Butterflies of Novosibirsk Oblast (Western Siberia)","Butterflies of Novosibirsk Oblast: West Siberian species, more than 80 day-flying butterflies in forest-steppe and birch groves.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fnovosibirskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fnovosibirskaya-oblast.png",{"title":682,"description":683,"path":684,"coverImage":685,"publishedAt":546,"order":413},"Butterflies of Panama","Panama is the isthmus between two Americas, a biological corridor for thousands of species, with more than 1,200 species on migration and speciation routes.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fpanama","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fpanama.png",{"title":687,"description":688,"path":689,"coverImage":690,"publishedAt":691,"order":413},"Butterflies of Papua New Guinea","Papua New Guinea is home to over 800 butterfly species, including the Queen Alexandra's Birdwing, the world's largest butterfly with a 280mm wingspan.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fpapua-novaya-gvineya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fpapua-novaya-gvineya.png","09.07.2026",{"title":693,"description":694,"path":695,"coverImage":696,"publishedAt":534,"order":413},"Butterflies of Peru","Peru ranks second in the world for butterfly diversity: more than 3,500 species, across the Amazon basin, the Andes, and the Pacific coast.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fperu","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fperu.jpg",{"title":698,"description":699,"path":700,"coverImage":701,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},"Butterflies of Poland","Poland lies at the junction of Western and Eastern European faunas, with about 160 species, including apollo, clouded apollo, and marsh fritillary.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fpolsha","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fpolsha.png",{"title":703,"description":704,"path":705,"coverImage":706,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},"Butterflies of Primorsky Krai","Butterflies of Primorye: unique Far Eastern fauna, Maack’s swallowtail, more than 200 day-flying species in cedar–broadleaf forests.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fprimorskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fprimorskiy-kray.png",{"title":708,"description":709,"path":710,"coverImage":711,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},"Butterflies of Rostov Oblast","Butterflies of Rostov Oblast: steppe species of the Don steppes, more than 100 day-flying butterflies, unique steppe blues and ringlets.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frostovskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frostovskaya-oblast.png",{"title":713,"description":714,"path":715,"coverImage":716,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},"Butterflies of Samara Oblast (Volga region)","Butterflies of Samara Oblast: forest-steppe species of the Volga, Zhiguli Mountains, more than 100 day-flying butterflies on the banks of the Volga.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsamarskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsamarskaya-oblast.png",{"title":718,"description":719,"path":720,"coverImage":721,"publishedAt":546,"order":413},"Butterflies of South Africa","South Africa is Africa's most studied country in entomology. More than 660 day-flying species and a unique fauna of the Cape Floristic Region.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fyuzhnaya-afrika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fyuzhnaya-afrika.png",{"title":723,"description":724,"path":725,"coverImage":726,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},"Butterflies of Spain","Spain has the greatest day-flying butterfly diversity in Western Europe: more than 230 species, including Iberian endemics and high-mountain swallowtails.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fispaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fispaniya.png",{"title":5,"description":398,"path":415,"coverImage":397,"publishedAt":416,"order":413},{"title":729,"description":730,"path":731,"coverImage":732,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},"Butterflies of Stavropol Krai","Butterflies of Stavropol Krai: steppe and mountain species of the Pre-Caucasus, more than 140 day-flying butterflies at the foot of the Caucasus.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fstavropolskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fstavropolskiy-kray.png",{"title":734,"description":735,"path":736,"coverImage":737,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},"Butterflies of Sverdlovsk Oblast (Urals)","Butterflies of Sverdlovsk Oblast and the Urals: mountain and taiga species, Apollo and other protected butterflies, observation sites in the Middle Urals.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsverdlovskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsverdlovskaya-oblast.png",{"title":739,"description":740,"path":741,"coverImage":742,"publishedAt":743,"order":413},"Butterflies of Sweden","Sweden records around 120 butterfly species. Its long north–south extent spans Central European fauna in the south to true Arctic specialists in Lapland.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fshveciya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fshveciya.png","08.08.2026",{"title":745,"description":746,"path":747,"coverImage":748,"publishedAt":546,"order":413},"Butterflies of Tanzania","Tanzania — land of Kilimanjaro and tropical forests. More than 750 day-flying species in mountains, savannas, and coastal forests of Zanzibar.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Ftanzaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Ftanzaniya.png",{"title":429,"description":494,"path":428,"coverImage":448,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},{"title":496,"description":497,"path":498,"coverImage":499,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},{"title":752,"description":753,"path":754,"coverImage":755,"publishedAt":756,"order":413},"Butterflies of Uganda","Uganda records around 1,200 butterfly species — one of Africa's highest densities, home to species found nowhere else, including the world's largest.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fuganda","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fuganda.png","16.08.2026",{"title":758,"description":759,"path":760,"coverImage":761,"publishedAt":762,"order":413},"Butterflies of Venezuela","Venezuela is home to about 1,500 butterfly species and world-famous for its tepuis — ancient sandstone table mountains with high levels of butterfly endemism.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fvenecuela","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fvenecuela.png","04.07.2026",{"title":501,"description":502,"path":503,"coverImage":504,"publishedAt":505,"order":413},{"title":765,"description":766,"path":767,"coverImage":768,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},"Butterflies of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Southern Urals)","Butterflies of Bashkortostan: mountain and steppe species of the Southern Urals, Apollo, more than 120 species in mountains and mixed-grass steppes.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-bashkortostan","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-bashkortostan.png",{"title":770,"description":771,"path":772,"coverImage":773,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},"Butterflies of the Republic of Karelia","Butterflies of Karelia: northern taiga species, bog butterflies, about 60 day-flying species on lake shores and in pine forests.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-kareliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-kareliya.png",{"title":775,"description":776,"path":777,"coverImage":778,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},"Butterflies of the United Kingdom","About 60 species of day-flying butterflies live in the United Kingdom — few in number, but several unique to island fauna, with a strong watching culture.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fvelikobritaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fvelikobritaniya.png",{"title":780,"description":781,"path":782,"coverImage":783,"publishedAt":546,"order":413},"Butterflies of the United States","The United States is one of the world's most studied regions for butterfly biodiversity, with more than 700 species from Alaska's tundra to Florida's swamps.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fssha","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fssha.png",{"title":785,"description":786,"path":787,"coverImage":413,"publishedAt":457,"order":413},"World Butterfly Atlas","Geographic butterfly atlas: species diversity by continent and region — from Arctic tundra to tropical forests, with ranges and flight seasons.","\u002Fatlas",{"title":789,"description":790,"path":791,"coverImage":792,"publishedAt":457,"order":793},"Russia","Guide to butterflies of Russia: from tundra to Caucasus subtropics — more than 300 species of day-flying butterflies in the world's largest country.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya.png",1,{"title":795,"description":796,"path":797,"coverImage":798,"publishedAt":457,"order":387},"Europe","Butterflies of Europe: about 500 day-flying species, from the Mediterranean to the Arctic. Alps, Mediterranean, islands — the continent's richest regions.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa.png",{"title":419,"description":800,"path":420,"coverImage":444,"publishedAt":457,"order":801},"Butterflies of Asia: from the Arctic tundra of Siberia to the tropics of Southeast Asia. The largest continent with 5,000+ species of day-flying butterflies.",3,{"title":803,"description":804,"path":805,"coverImage":806,"publishedAt":457,"order":807},"Africa","Butterflies of Africa: about 3,500 day-flying species, from the Sahara to the Congo rainforests. Madagascar, East African Rift, Cape — the richest regions.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika.png",4,{"title":809,"description":810,"path":811,"coverImage":812,"publishedAt":457,"order":813},"North America","Butterflies of North America: about 800 day-flying species, monarch, swallowtails, blues. USA, Canada, Mexico — different climate zones with unique faunas.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika.png",5,{"title":815,"description":816,"path":817,"coverImage":818,"publishedAt":457,"order":819},"South America","Butterflies of South America: more than 3,500 day-flying species, Amazon, Andes. Morphos, heliconiids, ithomiids, birdwings — the richest region in the world.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika.png",6,{"title":821,"description":822,"path":823,"coverImage":824,"publishedAt":457,"order":825},"Australia and Oceania","Butterflies of Australia and Oceania: about 400 species in Australia, Papua birdwings, unique Pacific islands. Isolated fauna with high endemism.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya.png",7,{"title":827,"description":828,"path":829,"coverImage":830,"publishedAt":457,"order":831},"Distribution maps","How to read butterfly range maps: what they show, what shapes distribution boundaries, data sources, and how to use atlas maps.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fkarty-rasprostraneniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fkarty-rasprostraneniya.png",8,[833,834,835,836,837,838,839,840],{"title":789,"description":790,"path":791,"coverImage":792,"publishedAt":457,"order":793},{"title":795,"description":796,"path":797,"coverImage":798,"publishedAt":457,"order":387},{"title":419,"description":800,"path":420,"coverImage":444,"publishedAt":457,"order":801},{"title":803,"description":804,"path":805,"coverImage":806,"publishedAt":457,"order":807},{"title":809,"description":810,"path":811,"coverImage":812,"publishedAt":457,"order":813},{"title":815,"description":816,"path":817,"coverImage":818,"publishedAt":457,"order":819},{"title":821,"description":822,"path":823,"coverImage":824,"publishedAt":457,"order":825},{"title":827,"description":828,"path":829,"coverImage":830,"publishedAt":457,"order":831},1787125891798]