[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":895},["ShallowReactive",2],{"atlas_en:\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fnepalj":3,"alt-locale:atlas_en:\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fnepalj":466,"section-listing:disabled":494,"related-covers:en:":495,"related-covers:en:\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya|\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findiya|\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fshri-lanka|\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkitay":496,"section-listing:atlas_en:\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya":505,"section-collection:atlas_en":561,"section-listing:atlas_en:\u002Fatlas":886},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"coverImage":451,"description":452,"extension":453,"faq":454,"imagePrompt":464,"meta":465,"navigation":466,"order":467,"pageType":468,"path":469,"publishedAt":470,"readingMinutes":438,"region":467,"relatedLinks":471,"seo":488,"sitemap":491,"stem":492,"updatedAt":467,"__hash__":493},"atlas_en\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fnepalj.md","Butterflies of Nepal",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":436},"minimark",[9,14,27,34,38,43,54,60,122,128,132,138,144,193,199,203,206,226,238,251,261,265,272,279,288,293,300,304,371,375,378,404,407,411],[10,11,13],"h2",{"id":12},"from-jungle-to-snowline","From jungle to snowline",[15,16,17,18,22,23,26],"p",{},"Nepal is one of the world's most dramatic examples of ecological compression. In a horizontal distance of 150–250 km, the country rises from the subtropical ",[19,20,21],"strong",{},"Terai"," plains on the Indian border — barely 60–100 m above sea level — through a succession of ecological zones to the crest of the ",[19,24,25],{},"Himalaya"," at over 8,848 m (Mount Everest). No other country of comparable area contains such an extreme and complete altitudinal sequence.",[15,28,29,30,33],{},"For butterflies, this gradient means that a single country encompasses the tropical species of the Indian plains, the temperate forest species of the Himalayan foothills, the subalpine and alpine species of the high mountains, and the cold desert species of the trans-Himalayan rain shadow. Approximately ",[19,31,32],{},"650 species"," have been recorded — roughly half the butterfly fauna of the entire Indian subcontinent, packed into a country one-twentieth of India's size.",[10,35,37],{"id":36},"the-three-ecological-zones","The three ecological zones",[39,40,42],"h3",{"id":41},"the-terai-tropical-lowlands","The Terai: tropical lowlands",[15,44,45,46,48,49,53],{},"The ",[19,47,21],{}," is a narrow strip of flat alluvial plain along Nepal's southern border, ecologically continuous with the Gangetic Plain of India. Once covered in dense subtropical and tropical moist deciduous forest (sal forest — ",[50,51,52],"em",{},"Shorea robusta","), much of the Terai has been converted to agriculture. The remaining forest blocks, protected as national parks, contain some of Nepal's richest butterfly communities.",[15,55,56,59],{},[19,57,58],{},"Chitwan National Park"," (932 km²) is the most important butterfly site in the Terai and one of the best-known in Nepal. Its mix of sal forest, riverine forest, grassland, and wetland supports:",[61,62,63,74,90,99,108,119],"ul",{},[64,65,66,69,70,73],"li",{},[19,67,68],{},"Golden Birdwing"," (",[50,71,72],{},"Troides aeacus",") — Nepal's largest butterfly; males brilliant yellow and black; flies along forest rivers and at forest edge",[64,75,76,69,79,82,83,69,86,89],{},[19,77,78],{},"Common Mormon",[50,80,81],{},"Papilio polytes",") and ",[19,84,85],{},"Blue Mormon",[50,87,88],{},"Papilio polymnestor",") — large swallowtails abundant in the forest and at flowers",[64,91,92,69,95,98],{},[19,93,94],{},"Crimson Rose",[50,96,97],{},"Pachliopta hector",") — vivid red-and-black swallowtail; characteristic of tropical forest edge",[64,100,101,69,104,107],{},[19,102,103],{},"Clipper",[50,105,106],{},"Parthenos sylvia",") — large, fast-flying nymphalid with complex blue-black-and-white pattern; forest canopy",[64,109,110,111,114,115,118],{},"Multiple ",[50,112,113],{},"Charaxes"," and ",[50,116,117],{},"Polyura"," emperors — powerful, fast-flying; attracted to fermenting fruit bait",[64,120,121],{},"Rich lycaenid and hesperiid communities in the forest understorey",[15,123,124,127],{},[19,125,126],{},"Bardia National Park"," in western Nepal is less visited but equally rich, with additional species at the western limit of their Terai range.",[39,129,131],{"id":130},"the-middle-hills-temperate-diversity","The Middle Hills: temperate diversity",[15,133,45,134,137],{},[19,135,136],{},"Middle Hills"," (broadly 500–3,000 m) — the zone of Nepal's traditional settlement, terraced agriculture, and rhododendron-oak forest — represent the greatest total species richness. Here the tropical lowland fauna overlaps with temperate elements, and the density of microclimates produced by deep river valleys, ridges, and aspect variation creates exceptional local diversity.",[15,139,140,143],{},[19,141,142],{},"Langtang National Park"," (north of Kathmandu, 1,710–7,234 m) spans the full range from temperate forest to alpine zone and is accessible from Kathmandu, making it a popular butterfly destination. The trail from Dhunche to Langtang village passes through prime middle-altitude habitat (rhododendron and oak forest at 2,000–3,500 m) where species richness peaks in April–May:",[61,145,146,155,164,177,186],{},[64,147,148,69,151,154],{},[19,149,150],{},"Common Jezebel",[50,152,153],{},"Delias eucharis",") — vivid yellow-red-black pierid; forest canopy",[64,156,157,69,160,163],{},[19,158,159],{},"Kaiser-i-Hind",[50,161,162],{},"Teinopalpus imperialis",") — one of Asia's most sought swallowtails; iridescent green; temperate forest; elusive",[64,165,110,166,169,170,114,173,176],{},[50,167,168],{},"Neptis"," sailers, ",[50,171,172],{},"Lethe",[50,174,175],{},"Mycalesis"," browns in shaded forest",[64,178,179,69,182,185],{},[19,180,181],{},"Tawny Rajah",[50,183,184],{},"Charaxes bernardus",") and related species at forest edges",[64,187,188,189,192],{},"High numbers of ",[50,190,191],{},"Parnassius"," above 3,000 m in summer",[15,194,45,195,198],{},[19,196,197],{},"Kathmandu Valley"," retains good butterfly diversity in its remnant natural areas despite urbanisation — particularly in the Shivapuri-Nagarjun watershed above the city.",[39,200,202],{"id":201},"the-high-himalaya-alpine-specialists","The High Himalaya: alpine specialists",[15,204,205],{},"Above the tree line (generally 3,800–4,200 m depending on aspect), the butterfly fauna thins dramatically in species count but gains in biogeographic significance. The high Himalayan and trans-Himalayan zones are dominated by:",[15,207,208,69,211,213,214,217,218,221,222,225],{},[19,209,210],{},"Apollo butterflies",[50,212,191],{}," spp.) — the most characteristic high-altitude genus. Several species occur in Nepal's alpine zone, some restricted to specific valleys or massifs. ",[50,215,216],{},"Parnassius epaphus",", ",[50,219,220],{},"Parnassius hardwickii",", and ",[50,223,224],{},"Parnassius charltonius"," are among the most sought. These large, white or cream-coloured butterflies with red eyespots fly in the thin air of glacial valleys and alpine meadows.",[15,227,228,69,231,217,234,237],{},[19,229,230],{},"High-altitude Blues",[50,232,233],{},"Plebejus",[50,235,236],{},"Polyommatus",") — small but often intensely coloured; associated with alpine cushion plants and sedges above 4,000 m.",[15,239,240,243,244,217,247,250],{},[19,241,242],{},"Himalayan Satyrs"," — several ",[50,245,246],{},"Erebia",[50,248,249],{},"Hipparchia",", and related genera adapted to the cold and wind of the alpine zone.",[15,252,253,254,257,258,260],{},"In the ",[19,255,256],{},"Sagarmatha (Everest) region",", butterflies have been recorded at extraordinary altitudes — occasional wanderers above 5,000 m, with reliable breeding populations documented above 4,500 m. The small lycaenid ",[50,259,233],{}," sp. holds the record for one of the highest recorded butterfly populations in the world.",[10,262,264],{"id":263},"iconic-species","Iconic species",[15,266,267,69,269,271],{},[19,268,159],{},[50,270,162],{},") — arguably the most coveted swallowtail in South Asia; males brilliant metallic green with yellow patches; inhabits steep forested hillsides at 2,000–3,500 m; rare and elusive, noted for hilltop-soaring behaviour.",[15,273,274,69,276,278],{},[19,275,68],{},[50,277,72],{},") — Nepal's largest butterfly; canopy glider; CITES Appendix II; Terai and lower foothills.",[15,280,281,69,284,287],{},[19,282,283],{},"Common Nawab",[50,285,286],{},"Polyura athamas",") — powerful nymphalid with rapid flight; common in the Terai; males mud-puddle at stream margins.",[15,289,290,292],{},[19,291,220],{}," (Hardwick's Apollo) — large, cream-white with distinctive markings; sub-alpine meadows; named after British naturalist Charles Hardwick who collected in Nepal in the early 19th century.",[15,294,295,69,297,299],{},[19,296,103],{},[50,298,106],{},") — large, dramatically patterned nymphalid; fast, soaring flight in the Terai forest canopy; multiple colour forms in South and Southeast Asia.",[10,301,303],{"id":302},"observation-seasonality","Observation seasonality",[305,306,307,323],"table",{},[308,309,310],"thead",{},[311,312,313,317,320],"tr",{},[314,315,316],"th",{},"Season",[314,318,319],{},"Best zones",[314,321,322],{},"Notes",[324,325,326,338,349,360],"tbody",{},[311,327,328,332,335],{},[329,330,331],"td",{},"March–May (pre-monsoon)",[329,333,334],{},"Middle Hills, subalpine",[329,336,337],{},"Rhododendron bloom; high species numbers; most accessible high routes",[311,339,340,343,346],{},[329,341,342],{},"June–August (monsoon)",[329,344,345],{},"Terai, lower hills (with caution)",[329,347,348],{},"Heavy rain, leeches; Terai productive but humid; high country wet",[311,350,351,354,357],{},[329,352,353],{},"September–November (post)",[329,355,356],{},"Terai, middle hills",[329,358,359],{},"Clear weather; high adult numbers after monsoon breeding season",[311,361,362,365,368],{},[329,363,364],{},"December–February (winter)",[329,366,367],{},"Terai (Chitwan, Bardia)",[329,369,370],{},"Cold in hills; Terai butterflies still active on warm days",[10,372,374],{"id":373},"conservation","Conservation",[15,376,377],{},"Nepal's butterfly fauna faces pressures from multiple directions:",[61,379,380,386,392,398],{},[64,381,382,385],{},[19,383,384],{},"Deforestation",": Middle Hills forests have been heavily cleared for agriculture; remaining forest is fragmented",[64,387,388,391],{},[19,389,390],{},"Agricultural intensification",": conversion of Terai forest to rice paddies and sugarcane has eliminated lowland habitat over large areas",[64,393,394,397],{},[19,395,396],{},"Collection pressure",": high-value species (Kaiser-i-Hind, Birdwings, Parnassius) attract collectors; Nepal has legal protections for certain species but enforcement is variable",[64,399,400,403],{},[19,401,402],{},"Climate change",": the alpine zone is warming; Parnassius and other cold-adapted species face upward habitat compression",[15,405,406],{},"Nepal's national parks and conservation areas protect significant butterfly habitat, particularly in the Terai (Chitwan, Bardia, Koshi Tappu) and the Himalayan chain (Sagarmatha, Langtang, Annapurna). The Annapurna Conservation Area, covering 7,629 km² of middle and high mountain habitat, is one of the largest protected areas in South Asia and includes excellent butterfly habitat in the Marsyangdi and Modi river valleys.",[10,408,410],{"id":409},"interesting-facts","Interesting facts",[61,412,413,420,427,433],{},[64,414,45,415,69,417,419],{},[19,416,159],{},[50,418,162],{},") was so prized by Victorian collectors that specimens commanded enormous prices; early accounts describe local people being paid substantial sums to climb to hilltopping sites and capture males — the species remains one of the most sought after in Asian butterfly-watching",[64,421,422,423,426],{},"Nepal's first systematic butterfly survey was conducted by British naturalist ",[19,424,425],{},"Brian Houghton Hodgson"," in the 1830s–1840s; many species first described from Nepal were collected during his long residency in Kathmandu and named by entomologists in London from his specimens",[64,428,45,429,432],{},[19,430,431],{},"Terai Arc"," — a belt of protected forest along Nepal's southern border, connected by wildlife corridors — was originally designed for tigers and elephants, but its protection also preserves one of the most intact tropical butterfly communities in the Indian subcontinent",[64,434,435],{},"At least five butterfly species discovered in Nepal in the 20th century were subsequently found to be undescribed new species — the Himalayan foothills continue to yield taxonomic surprises as molecular techniques are applied to existing museum collections",{"title":437,"searchDepth":438,"depth":438,"links":439},"",2,[440,441,447,448,449,450],{"id":12,"depth":438,"text":13},{"id":36,"depth":438,"text":37,"children":442},[443,445,446],{"id":41,"depth":444,"text":42},3,{"id":130,"depth":444,"text":131},{"id":201,"depth":444,"text":202},{"id":263,"depth":438,"text":264},{"id":302,"depth":438,"text":303},{"id":373,"depth":438,"text":374},{"id":409,"depth":438,"text":410},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fnepalj.png","Nepal compresses an 8,700-metre altitudinal range into a narrow strip — from Terai plains to the highest peaks — producing around 650 butterfly species.","md",[455,458,461],{"q":456,"a":457},"How many butterfly species are there in Nepal?","Nepal has approximately 650 recorded butterfly species — a remarkable total for a country of only 147,000 km², roughly the area of England and Wales combined. The diversity is a direct consequence of the extreme altitudinal gradient: within a few hundred kilometres, the habitat transitions from subtropical lowland (Terai plains at 60–100 m elevation) through temperate middle hills and subalpine forests to high Himalayan alpine zones above 4,000 m and trans-Himalayan cold desert. Each zone harbours distinct communities, and the total species list combines elements of the Indian subcontinent fauna, the Southeast Asian fauna, and the Central Asian\u002FPalaearctic high-altitude fauna.",{"q":459,"a":460},"Are there endemic butterflies in Nepal?","Nepal has a relatively modest number of strict endemics — perhaps 10–15 species found only within Nepalese territory — but it holds significant populations of Himalayan regional endemics shared with adjacent parts of India (Sikkim, Uttarakhand), Bhutan, and southern Tibet. Several Parnassius species, high-altitude Lethe and Ypthima satyrs, and some Lycaenidae are Himalayan endemics that reach their western or eastern range limits in Nepal. The Kathmandu Valley itself supports a distinct community of middle-altitude species, though urbanisation has reduced this considerably.",{"q":462,"a":463},"What is the best season to visit Nepal for butterflies?","Nepal has two main butterfly seasons. The pre-monsoon spring (March–May) is generally considered the best: rhododendrons are in bloom in the middle hills, temperatures are moderate, and both lowland and montane species are active before the monsoon rains begin. The post-monsoon autumn (September–November) is excellent in the Terai and middle hills, with clear weather, lush post-rain vegetation, and high adult numbers. The monsoon itself (June–September) brings heavy rain and difficult travel conditions at higher altitudes, though the Terai remains partially accessible. December–February is cold in the hills but the Terai (Chitwan, Bardia) remains productive.","Photorealistic nature photo, Parnassius butterfly on alpine wildflowers at high altitude in Nepal Himalayas, snow-capped peaks in background, rocky alpine meadow, clear mountain light, 16:9",{},true,null,"atlas","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fnepalj","25.07.2026",[472,476,480,484],{"label":473,"path":474,"description":475},"Asia","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya","Overview of butterflies of Asia",{"label":477,"path":478,"description":479},"India","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findiya","Butterflies of India — the subcontinent fauna",{"label":481,"path":482,"description":483},"Sri Lanka","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fshri-lanka","Butterflies of Sri Lanka — island endemics",{"label":485,"path":486,"description":487},"China","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkitay","Butterflies of China — the world's most diverse country",{"title":489,"description":490},"Butterflies of Nepal — 650 Species, Himalayas, Terai to Snowline","Nepal butterfly atlas: 650 species across subtropical Terai, temperate hills, and Himalayan alpine zone. Chitwan, Langtang, Sagarmatha, Parnassius, Troides, best seasons.",{"loc":469},"atlas\u002Faziya\u002Fnepalj","J7axm6o_06U73ZKxS51uYFYgmn-KNQVsUMNxPtDTX18",[],[],[497,499,501,503],{"label":473,"path":474,"description":475,"coverImage":498,"latinName":467},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya.png",{"label":477,"path":478,"description":479,"coverImage":500,"latinName":467},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findiya.png",{"label":481,"path":482,"description":483,"coverImage":502,"latinName":467},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fshri-lanka.png",{"label":485,"path":486,"description":487,"coverImage":504,"latinName":467},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkitay.png",[506,510,513,518,523,528,534,540,541,545,550,555],{"title":507,"description":508,"path":486,"coverImage":504,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},"Butterflies of China","China is the world leader in butterfly species: more than 2,000 species. Yunnan Province is one of the world's richest entomological regions.","01.05.2026",{"title":511,"description":512,"path":478,"coverImage":500,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},"Butterflies of India","India ranks second in the world for butterfly species: about 1,500 day-flying species. The Western Ghats and Himalayas are global biodiversity hotspots.",{"title":514,"description":515,"path":516,"coverImage":517,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},"Butterflies of Indonesia","Indonesia is a world leader in birdwing species and one of the richest regions for butterfly fauna, with Borneo, Sulawesi, and New Guinea endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findoneziya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findoneziya.png",{"title":519,"description":520,"path":521,"coverImage":522,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},"Butterflies of Japan","Japan has exceptionally rich butterfly fauna: more than 240 day-flying species, with island-arc endemics, seasonal migrants, and unique mountain species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fyaponiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fyaponiya.png",{"title":524,"description":525,"path":526,"coverImage":527,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},"Butterflies of Kazakhstan","Kazakhstan is the largest country in Central Asia, with about 400 butterfly species across the Tian Shan and Altai mountains, steppes, and deserts.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkazakstan","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkazakstan.png",{"title":529,"description":530,"path":531,"coverImage":532,"publishedAt":533,"order":467},"Butterflies of Malaysia","Malaysia harbours around 1,300 butterfly species across Peninsular Malaysia and Bornean Sabah and Sarawak. Rajah Brooke's Birdwing is the national butterfly.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmalajziya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmalajziya.png","13.07.2026",{"title":535,"description":536,"path":537,"coverImage":538,"publishedAt":539,"order":467},"Butterflies of Myanmar","Myanmar lies at the crossroads of the Indo-Malayan and Indo-Chinese faunal zones, with an estimated 900–1,000 butterfly species — one of Asia's richest.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmjanmar","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmjanmar.png","14.08.2026",{"title":5,"description":452,"path":469,"coverImage":451,"publishedAt":470,"order":467},{"title":542,"description":543,"path":482,"coverImage":502,"publishedAt":544,"order":467},"Butterflies of Sri Lanka","Sri Lanka's compact geography, split between wet southwest and dry northeast, supports around 245 butterfly species, including 25+ endemics.","23.07.2026",{"title":546,"description":547,"path":548,"coverImage":549,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},"Butterflies of Thailand","Thailand is a tropical country with more than 1,200 butterfly species. Doi Inthanon and Khao Yai are among the best observation sites in Southeast Asia.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Ftailand","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Ftailand.png",{"title":551,"description":552,"path":553,"coverImage":554,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},"Butterflies of Turkey","Turkey lies at the junction of Europe and Asia with rich fauna: more than 450 butterfly species. The Taurus Mountains are a unique center of endemism.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fturtsiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fturtsiya.png",{"title":556,"description":557,"path":558,"coverImage":559,"publishedAt":560,"order":467},"Butterflies of Vietnam","Vietnam is home to around 1,500 butterfly species. Its narrow S-shape spans subtropical north to equatorial south, producing exceptional habitat diversity.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fvetnam","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fvetnam.png","15.07.2026",[562,567,573,579,584,590,596,602,603,608,613,618,623,629,635,640,645,650,656,657,658,663,668,669,674,675,680,685,690,695,696,701,706,711,712,713,719,725,731,736,741,747,752,757,762,767,772,777,782,783,788,793,799,804,805,806,812,818,819,824,829,834,839,843,849,854,856,862,868,874,880],{"title":563,"description":564,"path":565,"coverImage":566,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},"Butterflies of Altai Krai and the Altai Republic","Butterflies of the Altai: mountain species, Apollo, mnemosyne, more than 150 species in steppes and alpine meadows. Best routes for observation.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Faltayskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Faltayskiy-kray.png",{"title":568,"description":569,"path":570,"coverImage":571,"publishedAt":572,"order":467},"Butterflies of Argentina","Argentina has about 1,400 butterfly species across varied landscapes: subtropical Misiones, Andean Yungas cloud forests, Gran Chaco, and cold Patagonia.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fargentina","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fargentina.png","30.06.2026",{"title":574,"description":575,"path":576,"coverImage":577,"publishedAt":578,"order":467},"Butterflies of Australia","Australia has about 420 butterfly species — modest globally but with high endemism. Queensland's tropical rainforests hold most of the diversity.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Favstraliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Favstraliya.png","07.07.2026",{"title":580,"description":581,"path":582,"coverImage":583,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},"Butterflies of Austria","Austria is an Alpine country with exceptionally rich mountain butterfly fauna: more than 200 species, including unique alpine species and endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Favstriya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Favstriya.png",{"title":585,"description":586,"path":587,"coverImage":588,"publishedAt":589,"order":467},"Butterflies of Brazil","Brazil is the world leader in butterfly diversity: more than 3,500 species across Amazonia, the Cerrado, and the Atlantic Forest, with thousands of endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fbraziliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fbraziliya.jpg","14.06.2026",{"title":591,"description":592,"path":593,"coverImage":594,"publishedAt":595,"order":467},"Butterflies of Cameroon","Cameroon — Africa in miniature: mangroves, Sahel scrub, Congo rainforest. Around 900-1,000 species at the junction of West and Central Africa.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkamerun","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkamerun.png","19.07.2026",{"title":597,"description":598,"path":599,"coverImage":600,"publishedAt":601,"order":467},"Butterflies of Canada","Canada is a country of boreal forests and arctic tundra. About 300 day-flying butterfly species, including unique arctic and subarctic species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkanada","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkanada.png","28.05.2026",{"title":507,"description":508,"path":486,"coverImage":504,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},{"title":604,"description":605,"path":606,"coverImage":607,"publishedAt":589,"order":467},"Butterflies of Colombia","Colombia ranks third in the world for butterfly diversity: about 3,400 species, spanning Amazonia, the Andes, and a Caribbean coast on two oceans.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fkolombiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fkolombiya.jpg",{"title":609,"description":610,"path":611,"coverImage":612,"publishedAt":601,"order":467},"Butterflies of Costa Rica","Costa Rica is a world leader in butterfly species density. More than 1,500 species in a country smaller than Moscow Oblast.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkosta-rika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkosta-rika.png",{"title":614,"description":615,"path":616,"coverImage":617,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},"Butterflies of Crimea","Butterflies of the Crimean Peninsula: Mediterranean species, southern festoon, more than 130 day-flying butterflies on mountain yaylas and in steppes.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-krym","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-krym.png",{"title":619,"description":620,"path":621,"coverImage":622,"publishedAt":601,"order":467},"Butterflies of Cuba","Cuba is the largest Caribbean island with unique endemic butterfly fauna. About 200 day-flying species, many found nowhere else in the world.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkuba","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkuba.png",{"title":624,"description":625,"path":626,"coverImage":627,"publishedAt":628,"order":467},"Butterflies of Ecuador","Ecuador has the highest butterfly species density in the world: about 4,500 species in a country smaller than Germany, spanning Amazon and Andean forests.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fekvador","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fekvador.png","02.07.2026",{"title":630,"description":631,"path":632,"coverImage":633,"publishedAt":634,"order":467},"Butterflies of Ethiopia","Ethiopia's altitudinal range, from the Danakil Depression to the Simien Mountains, supports around 650–700 butterfly species, including Afromontane endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fetiopia","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fetiopia.png","21.07.2026",{"title":636,"description":637,"path":638,"coverImage":639,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},"Butterflies of Finland","About 120 species of day-flying butterflies live in Finland, rich in bog and forest species, with migrants from Central Europe on the southern coast.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffinlyandiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffinlyandiya.png",{"title":641,"description":642,"path":643,"coverImage":644,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},"Butterflies of France","France has the richest day-flying butterfly diversity in Western Europe — more than 250 species. From Pyrenean alpine meadows to Mediterranean maquis.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffranciya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffranciya.png",{"title":646,"description":647,"path":648,"coverImage":649,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},"Butterflies of Germany","Germany is one of Europe's most studied regions in entomology. About 3,700 Lepidoptera species, including more than 180 day-flying butterfly species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgermaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgermaniya.png",{"title":651,"description":652,"path":653,"coverImage":654,"publishedAt":655,"order":467},"Butterflies of Greece","Greece records around 230 species of day-flying butterflies — one of Europe's richest faunas, where warmth meets limestone mountains and eastern elements.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgreciya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgreciya.png","02.08.2026",{"title":511,"description":512,"path":478,"coverImage":500,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},{"title":514,"description":515,"path":516,"coverImage":517,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},{"title":659,"description":660,"path":661,"coverImage":662,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},"Butterflies of Irkutsk Oblast (Lake Baikal)","Butterflies of Lake Baikal and Irkutsk Oblast: Siberian species and mountain butterflies of Khamar-Daban, more than 100 species on the sacred lake's shores.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Firkutskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Firkutskaya-oblast.png",{"title":664,"description":665,"path":666,"coverImage":667,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},"Butterflies of Italy","Italy has exceptionally rich butterfly fauna: more than 280 day-flying species. Alps, Apennines, Sicily, and Sardinia create enormous biotope diversity.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fitaliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fitaliya.png",{"title":519,"description":520,"path":521,"coverImage":522,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},{"title":670,"description":671,"path":672,"coverImage":673,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},"Butterflies of Kaliningrad Oblast","Butterflies of Kaliningrad Oblast: West European species on the amber coast, about 90 day-flying species, wet meadows and dunes of the Curonian Spit.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkaliningradskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkaliningradskaya-oblast.png",{"title":524,"description":525,"path":526,"coverImage":527,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},{"title":676,"description":677,"path":678,"coverImage":679,"publishedAt":601,"order":467},"Butterflies of Kenya","Kenya is an African leader in butterfly tourism. More than 800 day-flying species in savannas, mountain forests, and coastal mangroves.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkeniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkeniya.png",{"title":681,"description":682,"path":683,"coverImage":684,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},"Butterflies of Krasnodar Krai","Butterflies of Krasnodar Krai and the Black Sea coast: more than 180 species, Caucasian and subtropical species, best observation sites.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkrasnodarskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkrasnodarskiy-kray.png",{"title":686,"description":687,"path":688,"coverImage":689,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},"Butterflies of Leningrad Oblast","Butterflies of Leningrad Oblast and Saint Petersburg: about 80 species in taiga forests, bogs, and meadows. Species, seasons, and observation sites.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fleningradskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fleningradskaya-oblast.png",{"title":691,"description":692,"path":693,"coverImage":694,"publishedAt":601,"order":467},"Butterflies of Madagascar","Madagascar is an island of endemics with a unique butterfly fauna. About 300 day-flying species, most found nowhere else in the world.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmadagaskar","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmadagaskar.png",{"title":529,"description":530,"path":531,"coverImage":532,"publishedAt":533,"order":467},{"title":697,"description":698,"path":699,"coverImage":700,"publishedAt":601,"order":467},"Butterflies of Mexico","Mexico has one of the world's richest butterfly diversities: more than 2,000 species, monarch wintering grounds, and neotropical jungles of the Yucatán.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fmeksika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fmeksika.png",{"title":702,"description":703,"path":704,"coverImage":705,"publishedAt":601,"order":467},"Butterflies of Morocco","Morocco is the gateway to Africa for European entomologists, with about 200 species: Atlas mountain species, Mediterranean migrants, and Saharan specialists.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmarokko","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmarokko.png",{"title":707,"description":708,"path":709,"coverImage":710,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},"Butterflies of Moscow Oblast","Butterfly species of Moscow Oblast: more than 120 day-flying species in forests, meadows, and river valleys. Best observation sites and flight seasons.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fmoskovskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fmoskovskaya-oblast.png",{"title":535,"description":536,"path":537,"coverImage":538,"publishedAt":539,"order":467},{"title":5,"description":452,"path":469,"coverImage":451,"publishedAt":470,"order":467},{"title":714,"description":715,"path":716,"coverImage":717,"publishedAt":718,"order":467},"Butterflies of New Zealand","New Zealand has only about 20 native butterfly species — one of the smallest faunas — but endemism is high, with several found nowhere else.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fnovaya-zelandiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fnovaya-zelandiya.png","11.07.2026",{"title":720,"description":721,"path":722,"coverImage":723,"publishedAt":724,"order":467},"Butterflies of Nigeria","Nigeria is home to about 1,000 butterfly species, including the African Giant Swallowtail — Africa's largest. Cross River rainforest is a key hotspot.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fnigeriya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fnigeriya.png","17.07.2026",{"title":726,"description":727,"path":728,"coverImage":729,"publishedAt":730,"order":467},"Butterflies of Norway","Around 85 butterfly species are recorded in Norway, whose latitudinal range spans mild coasts and harsh Arctic fell, supporting boreal and Arctic specialists.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fnorvegiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fnorvegiya.png","29.07.2026",{"title":732,"description":733,"path":734,"coverImage":735,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},"Butterflies of Novosibirsk Oblast (Western Siberia)","Butterflies of Novosibirsk Oblast: West Siberian species, more than 80 day-flying butterflies in forest-steppe and birch groves.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fnovosibirskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fnovosibirskaya-oblast.png",{"title":737,"description":738,"path":739,"coverImage":740,"publishedAt":601,"order":467},"Butterflies of Panama","Panama is the isthmus between two Americas, a biological corridor for thousands of species, with more than 1,200 species on migration and speciation routes.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fpanama","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fpanama.png",{"title":742,"description":743,"path":744,"coverImage":745,"publishedAt":746,"order":467},"Butterflies of Papua New Guinea","Papua New Guinea is home to over 800 butterfly species, including the Queen Alexandra's Birdwing, the world's largest butterfly with a 280mm wingspan.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fpapua-novaya-gvineya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fpapua-novaya-gvineya.png","09.07.2026",{"title":748,"description":749,"path":750,"coverImage":751,"publishedAt":589,"order":467},"Butterflies of Peru","Peru ranks second in the world for butterfly diversity: more than 3,500 species, across the Amazon basin, the Andes, and the Pacific coast.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fperu","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fperu.jpg",{"title":753,"description":754,"path":755,"coverImage":756,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},"Butterflies of Poland","Poland lies at the junction of Western and Eastern European faunas, with about 160 species, including apollo, clouded apollo, and marsh fritillary.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fpolsha","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fpolsha.png",{"title":758,"description":759,"path":760,"coverImage":761,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},"Butterflies of Primorsky Krai","Butterflies of Primorye: unique Far Eastern fauna, Maack’s swallowtail, more than 200 day-flying species in cedar–broadleaf forests.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fprimorskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fprimorskiy-kray.png",{"title":763,"description":764,"path":765,"coverImage":766,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},"Butterflies of Rostov Oblast","Butterflies of Rostov Oblast: steppe species of the Don steppes, more than 100 day-flying butterflies, unique steppe blues and ringlets.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frostovskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frostovskaya-oblast.png",{"title":768,"description":769,"path":770,"coverImage":771,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},"Butterflies of Samara Oblast (Volga region)","Butterflies of Samara Oblast: forest-steppe species of the Volga, Zhiguli Mountains, more than 100 day-flying butterflies on the banks of the Volga.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsamarskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsamarskaya-oblast.png",{"title":773,"description":774,"path":775,"coverImage":776,"publishedAt":601,"order":467},"Butterflies of South Africa","South Africa is Africa's most studied country in entomology. More than 660 day-flying species and a unique fauna of the Cape Floristic Region.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fyuzhnaya-afrika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fyuzhnaya-afrika.png",{"title":778,"description":779,"path":780,"coverImage":781,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},"Butterflies of Spain","Spain has the greatest day-flying butterfly diversity in Western Europe: more than 230 species, including Iberian endemics and high-mountain swallowtails.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fispaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fispaniya.png",{"title":542,"description":543,"path":482,"coverImage":502,"publishedAt":544,"order":467},{"title":784,"description":785,"path":786,"coverImage":787,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},"Butterflies of Stavropol Krai","Butterflies of Stavropol Krai: steppe and mountain species of the Pre-Caucasus, more than 140 day-flying butterflies at the foot of the Caucasus.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fstavropolskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fstavropolskiy-kray.png",{"title":789,"description":790,"path":791,"coverImage":792,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},"Butterflies of Sverdlovsk Oblast (Urals)","Butterflies of Sverdlovsk Oblast and the Urals: mountain and taiga species, Apollo and other protected butterflies, observation sites in the Middle Urals.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsverdlovskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsverdlovskaya-oblast.png",{"title":794,"description":795,"path":796,"coverImage":797,"publishedAt":798,"order":467},"Butterflies of Sweden","Sweden records around 120 butterfly species. Its long north–south extent spans Central European fauna in the south to true Arctic specialists in Lapland.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fshveciya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fshveciya.png","08.08.2026",{"title":800,"description":801,"path":802,"coverImage":803,"publishedAt":601,"order":467},"Butterflies of Tanzania","Tanzania — land of Kilimanjaro and tropical forests. More than 750 day-flying species in mountains, savannas, and coastal forests of Zanzibar.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Ftanzaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Ftanzaniya.png",{"title":546,"description":547,"path":548,"coverImage":549,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},{"title":551,"description":552,"path":553,"coverImage":554,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},{"title":807,"description":808,"path":809,"coverImage":810,"publishedAt":811,"order":467},"Butterflies of Uganda","Uganda records around 1,200 butterfly species — one of Africa's highest densities, home to species found nowhere else, including the world's largest.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fuganda","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fuganda.png","16.08.2026",{"title":813,"description":814,"path":815,"coverImage":816,"publishedAt":817,"order":467},"Butterflies of Venezuela","Venezuela is home to about 1,500 butterfly species and world-famous for its tepuis — ancient sandstone table mountains with high levels of butterfly endemism.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fvenecuela","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fvenecuela.png","04.07.2026",{"title":556,"description":557,"path":558,"coverImage":559,"publishedAt":560,"order":467},{"title":820,"description":821,"path":822,"coverImage":823,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},"Butterflies of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Southern Urals)","Butterflies of Bashkortostan: mountain and steppe species of the Southern Urals, Apollo, more than 120 species in mountains and mixed-grass steppes.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-bashkortostan","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-bashkortostan.png",{"title":825,"description":826,"path":827,"coverImage":828,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},"Butterflies of the Republic of Karelia","Butterflies of Karelia: northern taiga species, bog butterflies, about 60 day-flying species on lake shores and in pine forests.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-kareliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-kareliya.png",{"title":830,"description":831,"path":832,"coverImage":833,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},"Butterflies of the United Kingdom","About 60 species of day-flying butterflies live in the United Kingdom — few in number, but several unique to island fauna, with a strong watching culture.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fvelikobritaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fvelikobritaniya.png",{"title":835,"description":836,"path":837,"coverImage":838,"publishedAt":601,"order":467},"Butterflies of the United States","The United States is one of the world's most studied regions for butterfly biodiversity, with more than 700 species from Alaska's tundra to Florida's swamps.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fssha","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fssha.png",{"title":840,"description":841,"path":842,"coverImage":467,"publishedAt":509,"order":467},"World Butterfly Atlas","Geographic butterfly atlas: species diversity by continent and region — from Arctic tundra to tropical forests, with ranges and flight seasons.","\u002Fatlas",{"title":844,"description":845,"path":846,"coverImage":847,"publishedAt":509,"order":848},"Russia","Guide to butterflies of Russia: from tundra to Caucasus subtropics — more than 300 species of day-flying butterflies in the world's largest country.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya.png",1,{"title":850,"description":851,"path":852,"coverImage":853,"publishedAt":509,"order":438},"Europe","Butterflies of Europe: about 500 day-flying species, from the Mediterranean to the Arctic. Alps, Mediterranean, islands — the continent's richest regions.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa.png",{"title":473,"description":855,"path":474,"coverImage":498,"publishedAt":509,"order":444},"Butterflies of Asia: from the Arctic tundra of Siberia to the tropics of Southeast Asia. The largest continent with 5,000+ species of day-flying butterflies.",{"title":857,"description":858,"path":859,"coverImage":860,"publishedAt":509,"order":861},"Africa","Butterflies of Africa: about 3,500 day-flying species, from the Sahara to the Congo rainforests. Madagascar, East African Rift, Cape — the richest regions.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika.png",4,{"title":863,"description":864,"path":865,"coverImage":866,"publishedAt":509,"order":867},"North America","Butterflies of North America: about 800 day-flying species, monarch, swallowtails, blues. USA, Canada, Mexico — different climate zones with unique faunas.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika.png",5,{"title":869,"description":870,"path":871,"coverImage":872,"publishedAt":509,"order":873},"South America","Butterflies of South America: more than 3,500 day-flying species, Amazon, Andes. Morphos, heliconiids, ithomiids, birdwings — the richest region in the world.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika.png",6,{"title":875,"description":876,"path":877,"coverImage":878,"publishedAt":509,"order":879},"Australia and Oceania","Butterflies of Australia and Oceania: about 400 species in Australia, Papua birdwings, unique Pacific islands. Isolated fauna with high endemism.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya.png",7,{"title":881,"description":882,"path":883,"coverImage":884,"publishedAt":509,"order":885},"Distribution maps","How to read butterfly range maps: what they show, what shapes distribution boundaries, data sources, and how to use atlas maps.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fkarty-rasprostraneniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fkarty-rasprostraneniya.png",8,[887,888,889,890,891,892,893,894],{"title":844,"description":845,"path":846,"coverImage":847,"publishedAt":509,"order":848},{"title":850,"description":851,"path":852,"coverImage":853,"publishedAt":509,"order":438},{"title":473,"description":855,"path":474,"coverImage":498,"publishedAt":509,"order":444},{"title":857,"description":858,"path":859,"coverImage":860,"publishedAt":509,"order":861},{"title":863,"description":864,"path":865,"coverImage":866,"publishedAt":509,"order":867},{"title":869,"description":870,"path":871,"coverImage":872,"publishedAt":509,"order":873},{"title":875,"description":876,"path":877,"coverImage":878,"publishedAt":509,"order":879},{"title":881,"description":882,"path":883,"coverImage":884,"publishedAt":509,"order":885},1787125891790]