[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":717},["ShallowReactive",2],{"atlas_en:\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fpapua-novaya-gvineya":3,"alt-locale:atlas_en:\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fpapua-novaya-gvineya":298,"section-listing:disabled":323,"related-covers:en:":324,"related-covers:en:\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya|\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Favstraliya|\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmorfo-sinij":325,"section-listing:atlas_en:\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya":333,"section-collection:atlas_en":345,"section-listing:atlas_en:\u002Fatlas":708},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"coverImage":283,"description":284,"extension":285,"faq":286,"imagePrompt":296,"meta":297,"navigation":298,"order":299,"pageType":300,"path":301,"publishedAt":302,"readingMinutes":303,"region":299,"relatedLinks":304,"seo":317,"sitemap":320,"stem":321,"updatedAt":299,"__hash__":322},"atlas_en\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fpapua-novaya-gvineya.md","Butterflies of Papua New Guinea",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":266},"minimark",[9,14,23,26,30,38,43,53,64,68,81,87,93,99,103,110,115,118,122,125,161,165,170,175,181,187,193,197,203,209,215,221,225,236,239,243,246,249,253],[10,11,13],"h2",{"id":12},"papua-new-guinea-realm-of-the-birdwings","Papua New Guinea: realm of the birdwings",[15,16,17,18,22],"p",{},"Papua New Guinea occupies the eastern half of the island of New Guinea — the world's second-largest island — along with numerous surrounding archipelagos including New Britain, New Ireland, Bougainville, and the Trobriand Islands. Its tropical rainforests, which cover about 70% of the country's land area, harbour one of the most extraordinary butterfly faunas on Earth: approximately ",[19,20,21],"strong",{},"820 recorded species",", with endemism exceeding 90% at the species level.",[15,24,25],{},"New Guinea sits at the biogeographical crossroads between the Asian and Australasian realms. The result is a butterfly fauna that combines elements of both worlds, found nowhere else in quite this combination.",[10,27,29],{"id":28},"the-birdwings-giants-of-the-butterfly-world","The birdwings: giants of the butterfly world",[15,31,32,33,37],{},"No discussion of Papua New Guinea's butterflies is possible without its birdwings — the tribe Troidini, particularly the genus ",[34,35,36],"em",{},"Ornithoptera",". These are the largest butterflies in the world, and New Guinea is their global centre of diversity.",[39,40,42],"h3",{"id":41},"queen-alexandras-birdwing","Queen Alexandra's Birdwing",[15,44,45,48,49,52],{},[19,46,47],{},"Ornithoptera alexandrae"," is the crown jewel: the largest butterfly species on Earth. Females are enormous brown-and-cream insects with a wingspan reaching ",[19,50,51],{},"280 mm"," and a weight of up to 12 g — comparable in mass to a small songbird. Males are smaller but strikingly beautiful: velvety black wings with iridescent blue-green patches, a bright yellow abdomen.",[15,54,55,56,59,60,63],{},"The species is restricted to a strip of lowland rainforest in ",[19,57,58],{},"Oro Province"," (Northern Province) in eastern Papua New Guinea. Its entire known range covers less than 100 km². The 1951 eruption of Mount Lamington destroyed a large area of its habitat in a single day. Today the species is listed as ",[19,61,62],{},"Endangered"," on the IUCN Red List, primarily threatened by continuing rainforest clearance for oil palm plantations.",[39,65,67],{"id":66},"other-birdwing-species","Other birdwing species",[15,69,70,71,76,77,80],{},"Papua New Guinea hosts approximately ",[19,72,73,74],{},"12 species of ",[34,75,36],{}," plus several ",[34,78,79],{},"Troides"," birdwings. Among the most spectacular:",[15,82,83,86],{},[19,84,85],{},"Ornithoptera goliath"," — the second-largest butterfly in the world; male vivid yellow and black with metallic green, female massive brown and white.",[15,88,89,92],{},[19,90,91],{},"Ornithoptera priamus"," — the Common Birdwing; widespread across New Guinea and northeastern Australia; the most frequently seen large birdwing in accessible areas.",[15,94,95,98],{},[19,96,97],{},"Ornithoptera tithonus"," — confined to the Bird's Head Peninsula (Indonesian Papua New Guinea); remarkable for the male's orange wing patches.",[10,100,102],{"id":101},"mountain-ranges-and-endemism","Mountain ranges and endemism",[15,104,105,106,109],{},"The Owen Stanley Range, Star Mountains, Sepik highlands, and Huon Peninsula form a complex of mountain chains that have acted as barriers and refugia for millions of years. Each major range tends to have its own set of endemic butterfly species, particularly among the ",[34,107,108],{},"Delias"," genus (Jezebel butterflies) and in the family Lycaenidae.",[15,111,112,114],{},[19,113,108],{}," — the Jezebel genus — reaches its global peak diversity in New Guinea with more than 100 species recorded, many brightly patterned in red, yellow, and white. Their larvae feed on mistletoes parasitising rainforest trees, making host plant distribution a key driver of Jezebel geography.",[15,116,117],{},"Cloud forest above 1,500 m harbours many species unknown from lowlands: mountain swallowtails, high-altitude coppers, and endemic skippers.",[10,119,121],{"id":120},"islands-and-archipelagos","Islands and archipelagos",[15,123,124],{},"Papua New Guinea's numerous islands add further endemism. Several offshore islands carry species found nowhere on the mainland:",[126,127,128,145,151],"ul",{},[129,130,131,134,135,138,139,134,141,144],"li",{},[19,132,133],{},"Bougainville"," and ",[19,136,137],{},"Buka"," islands: several endemic ",[34,140,36],{},[34,142,143],{},"Papilio"," subspecies",[129,146,147,150],{},[19,148,149],{},"New Britain",": endemic taxa of otherwise widespread species",[129,152,153,156,157,160],{},[19,154,155],{},"Manus Island"," and the ",[19,158,159],{},"Admiralty Islands",": small island faunas with isolated endemic forms",[10,162,164],{"id":163},"iconic-species","Iconic species",[15,166,167,169],{},[19,168,47],{}," — Queen Alexandra's Birdwing; the world's largest butterfly; female wingspan up to 280 mm. Critically endangered, Oro Province only.",[15,171,172,174],{},[19,173,85],{}," — Goliath Birdwing; second-largest butterfly in the world; widespread in New Guinea hill forests up to 1,500 m.",[15,176,177,180],{},[19,178,179],{},"Papilio ulysses"," — Ulysses Butterfly; electric blue swallowtail shared with Australia; common in lowland and hill forest edges.",[15,182,183,186],{},[19,184,185],{},"Graphium weiskei"," — Purple-spotted Swallowtail; one of the most striking swallowtails in the world; black wings with vivid purple spots; found in montane forest above 1,500 m.",[15,188,189,192],{},[19,190,191],{},"Delias akkeae"," — a vivid Jezebel butterfly with orange, red, and white underside; typical of mid-elevation cloud forest.",[10,194,196],{"id":195},"best-observation-sites","Best observation sites",[15,198,199,202],{},[19,200,201],{},"Varirata National Park"," (near Port Moresby) — the most accessible site for visitors; 30 km from the capital; lush hill forest with a range of species including Common Birdwing.",[15,204,205,208],{},[19,206,207],{},"Madang"," (Madang Province) — a coastal town with good access to lowland rainforest; several birdwing species are regularly observed in forest gardens.",[15,210,211,214],{},[19,212,213],{},"Kokoda Track"," — the famous WWII highland route through the Owen Stanley Range; the forest along the track holds many montane species; requires a multi-day trek but exceptional for mountain butterflies.",[15,216,217,220],{},[19,218,219],{},"Milne Bay Province"," — the eastern tip of the mainland and its islands; excellent for birdwings and coastal forest species; accessible by boat from Alotau.",[10,222,224],{"id":223},"observation-season","Observation season",[15,226,227,228,231,232,235],{},"Papua New Guinea lies entirely in the tropics, and butterflies fly ",[19,229,230],{},"year-round",". The main wet season (December–March) brings heavy rain but lush vegetation and active butterflies. The dry season (May–November) offers easier movement through forest. The most stable butterfly activity is in the ",[19,233,234],{},"April–May and September–October"," transition periods.",[15,237,238],{},"High-altitude areas above 2,000 m are most productive in dry months when mornings are sunny before cloud builds in the afternoon.",[10,240,242],{"id":241},"conservation","Conservation",[15,244,245],{},"Papua New Guinea has some of the largest remaining areas of intact tropical rainforest outside Amazonia, but deforestation rates are increasing rapidly. Oil palm expansion in Oro Province has directly reduced Queen Alexandra's Birdwing habitat. Logging concessions cover large areas of lowland forest across Gulf, Western, and Sandaun provinces.",[15,247,248],{},"The country has an effective butterfly farming programme: villages are licensed to breed birdwings and other species commercially, providing income as an alternative to forest clearance. Farmed specimens are legally exported for scientific collections and exhibitions worldwide. This programme has been credited with reducing pressure on wild populations in some areas.",[10,250,252],{"id":251},"interesting-facts","Interesting facts",[126,254,255,258,261],{},[129,256,257],{},"The Queen Alexandra's Birdwing was first brought to scientific attention in 1907 when a specimen was shot out of the forest canopy with a shotgun — nets were too small.",[129,259,260],{},"Papua New Guinea's butterfly farming network involves hundreds of villages; it is one of the world's most successful wildlife farming programmes linked to conservation.",[129,262,263,265],{},[34,264,185],{}," (Purple-spotted Swallowtail) is so sought after by collectors that it appeared in illegal international wildlife trade catalogues; it is now protected under CITES.",{"title":267,"searchDepth":268,"depth":268,"links":269},"",2,[270,271,276,277,278,279,280,281,282],{"id":12,"depth":268,"text":13},{"id":28,"depth":268,"text":29,"children":272},[273,275],{"id":41,"depth":274,"text":42},3,{"id":66,"depth":274,"text":67},{"id":101,"depth":268,"text":102},{"id":120,"depth":268,"text":121},{"id":163,"depth":268,"text":164},{"id":195,"depth":268,"text":196},{"id":223,"depth":268,"text":224},{"id":241,"depth":268,"text":242},{"id":251,"depth":268,"text":252},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fpapua-novaya-gvineya.png","Papua New Guinea is home to over 800 butterfly species, including the Queen Alexandra's Birdwing, the world's largest butterfly with a 280mm wingspan.","md",[287,290,293],{"q":288,"a":289},"What is the largest butterfly in the world?","The Queen Alexandra's Birdwing (Ornithoptera alexandrae), found only in a small area of lowland rainforest in Oro Province, Papua New Guinea, is the world's largest butterfly. Females reach a wingspan of up to 280 mm and weigh up to 12 g. The male is smaller but spectacular — velvety black wings with electric blue-green patches and a yellow body. The species is critically endangered.",{"q":291,"a":292},"How many butterfly species are in Papua New Guinea?","Papua New Guinea has approximately 800–820 recorded species of day-flying butterflies. The country is part of the Australasian biological zone but sits at the meeting point with the Asian realm, creating a transitional fauna. Endemism is very high — most species are found only on the island of New Guinea or on specific mountain ranges within it.",{"q":294,"a":295},"Is it possible to observe birdwings in Papua New Guinea?","Yes, though it requires careful planning. The largest birdwing species are present in lowland and hill rainforests. Several lodges and research stations near Madang, Lae, and in Milne Bay Province offer guided butterfly observation. The Varirata National Park near Port Moresby is the most accessible site for first-time visitors. Collecting is strictly regulated but photography is welcomed.","Photorealistic nature photo, Queen Alexandra's Birdwing Ornithoptera alexandrae male butterfly with vivid green and black wings in flight above Papua New Guinea tropical rainforest, misty mountain background, dramatic tropical light, 16:9",{},true,null,"atlas","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fpapua-novaya-gvineya","09.07.2026",1,[305,309,313],{"label":306,"path":307,"description":308},"Australia and Oceania","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya","Overview of butterflies of Australia and Oceania",{"label":310,"path":311,"description":312},"Australia","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Favstraliya","Butterflies of Australia — birdwings and endemic species",{"label":314,"path":315,"description":316},"Blue Morpho","\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmorfo-sinij","Neotropical counterpart to Pacific birdwings",{"title":318,"description":319},"Butterflies of Papua New Guinea — World's Largest Butterfly, 800+ Species","Papua New Guinea is home to the Queen Alexandra's Birdwing — the world's largest butterfly. 800+ species in ancient tropical rainforests. Observation sites and conservation guide.",{"loc":301},"atlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fpapua-novaya-gvineya","Mc4M1QCVagjWuCG95AZArYerm0UJF-O7ROE1MWuqXuw",[],[],[326,328,330],{"label":306,"path":307,"description":308,"coverImage":327,"latinName":299},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya.png",{"label":310,"path":311,"description":312,"coverImage":329,"latinName":299},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Favstraliya.png",{"label":314,"path":315,"description":316,"coverImage":331,"latinName":332},"\u002Fimages\u002Fvidy-babochek\u002Fvidy\u002Fmorfo-sinij.jpg","Morpho menelaus",[334,338,344],{"title":335,"description":336,"path":311,"coverImage":329,"publishedAt":337,"order":299},"Butterflies of Australia","Australia has about 420 butterfly species — modest globally but with high endemism. Queensland's tropical rainforests hold most of the diversity.","07.07.2026",{"title":339,"description":340,"path":341,"coverImage":342,"publishedAt":343,"order":299},"Butterflies of New Zealand","New Zealand has only about 20 native butterfly species — one of the smallest faunas — but endemism is high, with several found nowhere else.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fnovaya-zelandiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fnovaya-zelandiya.png","11.07.2026",{"title":5,"description":284,"path":301,"coverImage":283,"publishedAt":302,"order":299},[346,352,358,359,364,370,376,382,387,392,397,402,407,413,419,424,429,434,440,445,450,455,460,465,470,475,480,485,490,495,501,506,511,516,522,528,529,535,541,546,551,552,557,562,567,572,577,582,587,593,598,603,609,614,619,624,630,636,642,647,652,657,662,666,671,676,681,687,693,699,702],{"title":347,"description":348,"path":349,"coverImage":350,"publishedAt":351,"order":299},"Butterflies of Altai Krai and the Altai Republic","Butterflies of the Altai: mountain species, Apollo, mnemosyne, more than 150 species in steppes and alpine meadows. Best routes for observation.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Faltayskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Faltayskiy-kray.png","01.05.2026",{"title":353,"description":354,"path":355,"coverImage":356,"publishedAt":357,"order":299},"Butterflies of Argentina","Argentina has about 1,400 butterfly species across varied landscapes: subtropical Misiones, Andean Yungas cloud forests, Gran Chaco, and cold Patagonia.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fargentina","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fargentina.png","30.06.2026",{"title":335,"description":336,"path":311,"coverImage":329,"publishedAt":337,"order":299},{"title":360,"description":361,"path":362,"coverImage":363,"publishedAt":351,"order":299},"Butterflies of Austria","Austria is an Alpine country with exceptionally rich mountain butterfly fauna: more than 200 species, including unique alpine species and endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Favstriya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Favstriya.png",{"title":365,"description":366,"path":367,"coverImage":368,"publishedAt":369,"order":299},"Butterflies of Brazil","Brazil is the world leader in butterfly diversity: more than 3,500 species across Amazonia, the Cerrado, and the Atlantic Forest, with thousands of endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fbraziliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fbraziliya.jpg","14.06.2026",{"title":371,"description":372,"path":373,"coverImage":374,"publishedAt":375,"order":299},"Butterflies of Cameroon","Cameroon — Africa in miniature: mangroves, Sahel scrub, Congo rainforest. Around 900-1,000 species at the junction of West and Central Africa.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkamerun","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkamerun.png","19.07.2026",{"title":377,"description":378,"path":379,"coverImage":380,"publishedAt":381,"order":299},"Butterflies of Canada","Canada is a country of boreal forests and arctic tundra. About 300 day-flying butterfly species, including unique arctic and subarctic species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkanada","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkanada.png","28.05.2026",{"title":383,"description":384,"path":385,"coverImage":386,"publishedAt":351,"order":299},"Butterflies of China","China is the world leader in butterfly species: more than 2,000 species. Yunnan Province is one of the world's richest entomological regions.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkitay","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkitay.png",{"title":388,"description":389,"path":390,"coverImage":391,"publishedAt":369,"order":299},"Butterflies of Colombia","Colombia ranks third in the world for butterfly diversity: about 3,400 species, spanning Amazonia, the Andes, and a Caribbean coast on two oceans.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fkolombiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fkolombiya.jpg",{"title":393,"description":394,"path":395,"coverImage":396,"publishedAt":381,"order":299},"Butterflies of Costa Rica","Costa Rica is a world leader in butterfly species density. More than 1,500 species in a country smaller than Moscow Oblast.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkosta-rika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkosta-rika.png",{"title":398,"description":399,"path":400,"coverImage":401,"publishedAt":351,"order":299},"Butterflies of Crimea","Butterflies of the Crimean Peninsula: Mediterranean species, southern festoon, more than 130 day-flying butterflies on mountain yaylas and in steppes.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-krym","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-krym.png",{"title":403,"description":404,"path":405,"coverImage":406,"publishedAt":381,"order":299},"Butterflies of Cuba","Cuba is the largest Caribbean island with unique endemic butterfly fauna. About 200 day-flying species, many found nowhere else in the world.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkuba","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkuba.png",{"title":408,"description":409,"path":410,"coverImage":411,"publishedAt":412,"order":299},"Butterflies of Ecuador","Ecuador has the highest butterfly species density in the world: about 4,500 species in a country smaller than Germany, spanning Amazon and Andean forests.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fekvador","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fekvador.png","02.07.2026",{"title":414,"description":415,"path":416,"coverImage":417,"publishedAt":418,"order":299},"Butterflies of Ethiopia","Ethiopia's altitudinal range, from the Danakil Depression to the Simien Mountains, supports around 650–700 butterfly species, including Afromontane endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fetiopia","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fetiopia.png","21.07.2026",{"title":420,"description":421,"path":422,"coverImage":423,"publishedAt":351,"order":299},"Butterflies of Finland","About 120 species of day-flying butterflies live in Finland, rich in bog and forest species, with migrants from Central Europe on the southern coast.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffinlyandiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffinlyandiya.png",{"title":425,"description":426,"path":427,"coverImage":428,"publishedAt":351,"order":299},"Butterflies of France","France has the richest day-flying butterfly diversity in Western Europe — more than 250 species. From Pyrenean alpine meadows to Mediterranean maquis.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffranciya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffranciya.png",{"title":430,"description":431,"path":432,"coverImage":433,"publishedAt":351,"order":299},"Butterflies of Germany","Germany is one of Europe's most studied regions in entomology. About 3,700 Lepidoptera species, including more than 180 day-flying butterfly species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgermaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgermaniya.png",{"title":435,"description":436,"path":437,"coverImage":438,"publishedAt":439,"order":299},"Butterflies of Greece","Greece records around 230 species of day-flying butterflies — one of Europe's richest faunas, where warmth meets limestone mountains and eastern elements.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgreciya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgreciya.png","02.08.2026",{"title":441,"description":442,"path":443,"coverImage":444,"publishedAt":351,"order":299},"Butterflies of India","India ranks second in the world for butterfly species: about 1,500 day-flying species. The Western Ghats and Himalayas are global biodiversity hotspots.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findiya.png",{"title":446,"description":447,"path":448,"coverImage":449,"publishedAt":351,"order":299},"Butterflies of Indonesia","Indonesia is a world leader in birdwing species and one of the richest regions for butterfly fauna, with Borneo, Sulawesi, and New Guinea endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findoneziya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findoneziya.png",{"title":451,"description":452,"path":453,"coverImage":454,"publishedAt":351,"order":299},"Butterflies of Irkutsk Oblast (Lake Baikal)","Butterflies of Lake Baikal and Irkutsk Oblast: Siberian species and mountain butterflies of Khamar-Daban, more than 100 species on the sacred lake's shores.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Firkutskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Firkutskaya-oblast.png",{"title":456,"description":457,"path":458,"coverImage":459,"publishedAt":351,"order":299},"Butterflies of Italy","Italy has exceptionally rich butterfly fauna: more than 280 day-flying species. Alps, Apennines, Sicily, and Sardinia create enormous biotope diversity.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fitaliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fitaliya.png",{"title":461,"description":462,"path":463,"coverImage":464,"publishedAt":351,"order":299},"Butterflies of Japan","Japan has exceptionally rich butterfly fauna: more than 240 day-flying species, with island-arc endemics, seasonal migrants, and unique mountain species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fyaponiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fyaponiya.png",{"title":466,"description":467,"path":468,"coverImage":469,"publishedAt":351,"order":299},"Butterflies of Kaliningrad Oblast","Butterflies of Kaliningrad Oblast: West European species on the amber coast, about 90 day-flying species, wet meadows and dunes of the Curonian Spit.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkaliningradskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkaliningradskaya-oblast.png",{"title":471,"description":472,"path":473,"coverImage":474,"publishedAt":351,"order":299},"Butterflies of Kazakhstan","Kazakhstan is the largest country in Central Asia, with about 400 butterfly species across the Tian Shan and Altai mountains, steppes, and deserts.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkazakstan","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkazakstan.png",{"title":476,"description":477,"path":478,"coverImage":479,"publishedAt":381,"order":299},"Butterflies of Kenya","Kenya is an African leader in butterfly tourism. More than 800 day-flying species in savannas, mountain forests, and coastal mangroves.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkeniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkeniya.png",{"title":481,"description":482,"path":483,"coverImage":484,"publishedAt":351,"order":299},"Butterflies of Krasnodar Krai","Butterflies of Krasnodar Krai and the Black Sea coast: more than 180 species, Caucasian and subtropical species, best observation sites.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkrasnodarskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkrasnodarskiy-kray.png",{"title":486,"description":487,"path":488,"coverImage":489,"publishedAt":351,"order":299},"Butterflies of Leningrad Oblast","Butterflies of Leningrad Oblast and Saint Petersburg: about 80 species in taiga forests, bogs, and meadows. Species, seasons, and observation sites.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fleningradskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fleningradskaya-oblast.png",{"title":491,"description":492,"path":493,"coverImage":494,"publishedAt":381,"order":299},"Butterflies of Madagascar","Madagascar is an island of endemics with a unique butterfly fauna. About 300 day-flying species, most found nowhere else in the world.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmadagaskar","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmadagaskar.png",{"title":496,"description":497,"path":498,"coverImage":499,"publishedAt":500,"order":299},"Butterflies of Malaysia","Malaysia harbours around 1,300 butterfly species across Peninsular Malaysia and Bornean Sabah and Sarawak. Rajah Brooke's Birdwing is the national butterfly.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmalajziya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmalajziya.png","13.07.2026",{"title":502,"description":503,"path":504,"coverImage":505,"publishedAt":381,"order":299},"Butterflies of Mexico","Mexico has one of the world's richest butterfly diversities: more than 2,000 species, monarch wintering grounds, and neotropical jungles of the Yucatán.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fmeksika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fmeksika.png",{"title":507,"description":508,"path":509,"coverImage":510,"publishedAt":381,"order":299},"Butterflies of Morocco","Morocco is the gateway to Africa for European entomologists, with about 200 species: Atlas mountain species, Mediterranean migrants, and Saharan specialists.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmarokko","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmarokko.png",{"title":512,"description":513,"path":514,"coverImage":515,"publishedAt":351,"order":299},"Butterflies of Moscow Oblast","Butterfly species of Moscow Oblast: more than 120 day-flying species in forests, meadows, and river valleys. Best observation sites and flight seasons.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fmoskovskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fmoskovskaya-oblast.png",{"title":517,"description":518,"path":519,"coverImage":520,"publishedAt":521,"order":299},"Butterflies of Myanmar","Myanmar lies at the crossroads of the Indo-Malayan and Indo-Chinese faunal zones, with an estimated 900–1,000 butterfly species — one of Asia's richest.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmjanmar","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmjanmar.png","14.08.2026",{"title":523,"description":524,"path":525,"coverImage":526,"publishedAt":527,"order":299},"Butterflies of Nepal","Nepal compresses an 8,700-metre altitudinal range into a narrow strip — from Terai plains to the highest peaks — producing around 650 butterfly species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fnepalj","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fnepalj.png","25.07.2026",{"title":339,"description":340,"path":341,"coverImage":342,"publishedAt":343,"order":299},{"title":530,"description":531,"path":532,"coverImage":533,"publishedAt":534,"order":299},"Butterflies of Nigeria","Nigeria is home to about 1,000 butterfly species, including the African Giant Swallowtail — Africa's largest. Cross River rainforest is a key hotspot.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fnigeriya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fnigeriya.png","17.07.2026",{"title":536,"description":537,"path":538,"coverImage":539,"publishedAt":540,"order":299},"Butterflies of Norway","Around 85 butterfly species are recorded in Norway, whose latitudinal range spans mild coasts and harsh Arctic fell, supporting boreal and Arctic specialists.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fnorvegiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fnorvegiya.png","29.07.2026",{"title":542,"description":543,"path":544,"coverImage":545,"publishedAt":351,"order":299},"Butterflies of Novosibirsk Oblast (Western Siberia)","Butterflies of Novosibirsk Oblast: West Siberian species, more than 80 day-flying butterflies in forest-steppe and birch groves.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fnovosibirskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fnovosibirskaya-oblast.png",{"title":547,"description":548,"path":549,"coverImage":550,"publishedAt":381,"order":299},"Butterflies of Panama","Panama is the isthmus between two Americas, a biological corridor for thousands of species, with more than 1,200 species on migration and speciation routes.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fpanama","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fpanama.png",{"title":5,"description":284,"path":301,"coverImage":283,"publishedAt":302,"order":299},{"title":553,"description":554,"path":555,"coverImage":556,"publishedAt":369,"order":299},"Butterflies of Peru","Peru ranks second in the world for butterfly diversity: more than 3,500 species, across the Amazon basin, the Andes, and the Pacific coast.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fperu","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fperu.jpg",{"title":558,"description":559,"path":560,"coverImage":561,"publishedAt":351,"order":299},"Butterflies of Poland","Poland lies at the junction of Western and Eastern European faunas, with about 160 species, including apollo, clouded apollo, and marsh fritillary.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fpolsha","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fpolsha.png",{"title":563,"description":564,"path":565,"coverImage":566,"publishedAt":351,"order":299},"Butterflies of Primorsky Krai","Butterflies of Primorye: unique Far Eastern fauna, Maack’s swallowtail, more than 200 day-flying species in cedar–broadleaf forests.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fprimorskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fprimorskiy-kray.png",{"title":568,"description":569,"path":570,"coverImage":571,"publishedAt":351,"order":299},"Butterflies of Rostov Oblast","Butterflies of Rostov Oblast: steppe species of the Don steppes, more than 100 day-flying butterflies, unique steppe blues and ringlets.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frostovskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frostovskaya-oblast.png",{"title":573,"description":574,"path":575,"coverImage":576,"publishedAt":351,"order":299},"Butterflies of Samara Oblast (Volga region)","Butterflies of Samara Oblast: forest-steppe species of the Volga, Zhiguli Mountains, more than 100 day-flying butterflies on the banks of the Volga.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsamarskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsamarskaya-oblast.png",{"title":578,"description":579,"path":580,"coverImage":581,"publishedAt":381,"order":299},"Butterflies of South Africa","South Africa is Africa's most studied country in entomology. More than 660 day-flying species and a unique fauna of the Cape Floristic Region.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fyuzhnaya-afrika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fyuzhnaya-afrika.png",{"title":583,"description":584,"path":585,"coverImage":586,"publishedAt":351,"order":299},"Butterflies of Spain","Spain has the greatest day-flying butterfly diversity in Western Europe: more than 230 species, including Iberian endemics and high-mountain swallowtails.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fispaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fispaniya.png",{"title":588,"description":589,"path":590,"coverImage":591,"publishedAt":592,"order":299},"Butterflies of Sri Lanka","Sri Lanka's compact geography, split between wet southwest and dry northeast, supports around 245 butterfly species, including 25+ endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fshri-lanka","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fshri-lanka.png","23.07.2026",{"title":594,"description":595,"path":596,"coverImage":597,"publishedAt":351,"order":299},"Butterflies of Stavropol Krai","Butterflies of Stavropol Krai: steppe and mountain species of the Pre-Caucasus, more than 140 day-flying butterflies at the foot of the Caucasus.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fstavropolskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fstavropolskiy-kray.png",{"title":599,"description":600,"path":601,"coverImage":602,"publishedAt":351,"order":299},"Butterflies of Sverdlovsk Oblast (Urals)","Butterflies of Sverdlovsk Oblast and the Urals: mountain and taiga species, Apollo and other protected butterflies, observation sites in the Middle Urals.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsverdlovskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsverdlovskaya-oblast.png",{"title":604,"description":605,"path":606,"coverImage":607,"publishedAt":608,"order":299},"Butterflies of Sweden","Sweden records around 120 butterfly species. Its long north–south extent spans Central European fauna in the south to true Arctic specialists in Lapland.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fshveciya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fshveciya.png","08.08.2026",{"title":610,"description":611,"path":612,"coverImage":613,"publishedAt":381,"order":299},"Butterflies of Tanzania","Tanzania — land of Kilimanjaro and tropical forests. More than 750 day-flying species in mountains, savannas, and coastal forests of Zanzibar.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Ftanzaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Ftanzaniya.png",{"title":615,"description":616,"path":617,"coverImage":618,"publishedAt":351,"order":299},"Butterflies of Thailand","Thailand is a tropical country with more than 1,200 butterfly species. Doi Inthanon and Khao Yai are among the best observation sites in Southeast Asia.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Ftailand","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Ftailand.png",{"title":620,"description":621,"path":622,"coverImage":623,"publishedAt":351,"order":299},"Butterflies of Turkey","Turkey lies at the junction of Europe and Asia with rich fauna: more than 450 butterfly species. The Taurus Mountains are a unique center of endemism.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fturtsiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fturtsiya.png",{"title":625,"description":626,"path":627,"coverImage":628,"publishedAt":629,"order":299},"Butterflies of Uganda","Uganda records around 1,200 butterfly species — one of Africa's highest densities, home to species found nowhere else, including the world's largest.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fuganda","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fuganda.png","16.08.2026",{"title":631,"description":632,"path":633,"coverImage":634,"publishedAt":635,"order":299},"Butterflies of Venezuela","Venezuela is home to about 1,500 butterfly species and world-famous for its tepuis — ancient sandstone table mountains with high levels of butterfly endemism.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fvenecuela","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fvenecuela.png","04.07.2026",{"title":637,"description":638,"path":639,"coverImage":640,"publishedAt":641,"order":299},"Butterflies of Vietnam","Vietnam is home to around 1,500 butterfly species. Its narrow S-shape spans subtropical north to equatorial south, producing exceptional habitat diversity.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fvetnam","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fvetnam.png","15.07.2026",{"title":643,"description":644,"path":645,"coverImage":646,"publishedAt":351,"order":299},"Butterflies of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Southern Urals)","Butterflies of Bashkortostan: mountain and steppe species of the Southern Urals, Apollo, more than 120 species in mountains and mixed-grass steppes.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-bashkortostan","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-bashkortostan.png",{"title":648,"description":649,"path":650,"coverImage":651,"publishedAt":351,"order":299},"Butterflies of the Republic of Karelia","Butterflies of Karelia: northern taiga species, bog butterflies, about 60 day-flying species on lake shores and in pine forests.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-kareliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-kareliya.png",{"title":653,"description":654,"path":655,"coverImage":656,"publishedAt":351,"order":299},"Butterflies of the United Kingdom","About 60 species of day-flying butterflies live in the United Kingdom — few in number, but several unique to island fauna, with a strong watching culture.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fvelikobritaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fvelikobritaniya.png",{"title":658,"description":659,"path":660,"coverImage":661,"publishedAt":381,"order":299},"Butterflies of the United States","The United States is one of the world's most studied regions for butterfly biodiversity, with more than 700 species from Alaska's tundra to Florida's swamps.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fssha","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fssha.png",{"title":663,"description":664,"path":665,"coverImage":299,"publishedAt":351,"order":299},"World Butterfly Atlas","Geographic butterfly atlas: species diversity by continent and region — from Arctic tundra to tropical forests, with ranges and flight seasons.","\u002Fatlas",{"title":667,"description":668,"path":669,"coverImage":670,"publishedAt":351,"order":303},"Russia","Guide to butterflies of Russia: from tundra to Caucasus subtropics — more than 300 species of day-flying butterflies in the world's largest country.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya.png",{"title":672,"description":673,"path":674,"coverImage":675,"publishedAt":351,"order":268},"Europe","Butterflies of Europe: about 500 day-flying species, from the Mediterranean to the Arctic. Alps, Mediterranean, islands — the continent's richest regions.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa.png",{"title":677,"description":678,"path":679,"coverImage":680,"publishedAt":351,"order":274},"Asia","Butterflies of Asia: from the Arctic tundra of Siberia to the tropics of Southeast Asia. The largest continent with 5,000+ species of day-flying butterflies.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya.png",{"title":682,"description":683,"path":684,"coverImage":685,"publishedAt":351,"order":686},"Africa","Butterflies of Africa: about 3,500 day-flying species, from the Sahara to the Congo rainforests. Madagascar, East African Rift, Cape — the richest regions.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika.png",4,{"title":688,"description":689,"path":690,"coverImage":691,"publishedAt":351,"order":692},"North America","Butterflies of North America: about 800 day-flying species, monarch, swallowtails, blues. USA, Canada, Mexico — different climate zones with unique faunas.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika.png",5,{"title":694,"description":695,"path":696,"coverImage":697,"publishedAt":351,"order":698},"South America","Butterflies of South America: more than 3,500 day-flying species, Amazon, Andes. Morphos, heliconiids, ithomiids, birdwings — the richest region in the world.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika.png",6,{"title":306,"description":700,"path":307,"coverImage":327,"publishedAt":351,"order":701},"Butterflies of Australia and Oceania: about 400 species in Australia, Papua birdwings, unique Pacific islands. Isolated fauna with high endemism.",7,{"title":703,"description":704,"path":705,"coverImage":706,"publishedAt":351,"order":707},"Distribution maps","How to read butterfly range maps: what they show, what shapes distribution boundaries, data sources, and how to use atlas maps.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fkarty-rasprostraneniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fkarty-rasprostraneniya.png",8,[709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716],{"title":667,"description":668,"path":669,"coverImage":670,"publishedAt":351,"order":303},{"title":672,"description":673,"path":674,"coverImage":675,"publishedAt":351,"order":268},{"title":677,"description":678,"path":679,"coverImage":680,"publishedAt":351,"order":274},{"title":682,"description":683,"path":684,"coverImage":685,"publishedAt":351,"order":686},{"title":688,"description":689,"path":690,"coverImage":691,"publishedAt":351,"order":692},{"title":694,"description":695,"path":696,"coverImage":697,"publishedAt":351,"order":698},{"title":306,"description":700,"path":307,"coverImage":327,"publishedAt":351,"order":701},{"title":703,"description":704,"path":705,"coverImage":706,"publishedAt":351,"order":707},1787125891725]