[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":720},["ShallowReactive",2],{"atlas_en:\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fuganda":3,"alt-locale:atlas_en:\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fuganda":294,"section-listing:disabled":322,"related-covers:en:":323,"related-covers:en:\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika|\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkeniya|\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkamerun|\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fetiopia":324,"section-listing:atlas_en:\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika":333,"section-collection:atlas_en":373,"section-listing:atlas_en:\u002Fatlas":711},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"coverImage":279,"description":280,"extension":281,"faq":282,"imagePrompt":292,"meta":293,"navigation":294,"order":295,"pageType":296,"path":297,"publishedAt":298,"readingMinutes":267,"region":295,"relatedLinks":299,"seo":316,"sitemap":319,"stem":320,"updatedAt":295,"__hash__":321},"atlas_en\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fuganda.md","Butterflies of Uganda",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":265},"minimark",[9,14,18,26,30,37,40,45,48,88,91,95,98,127,131,134,151,155,158,196,199,203,255,259,262],[10,11,13],"h2",{"id":12},"overview","Overview",[15,16,17],"p",{},"Uganda is landlocked in East Africa, straddling the equator between the Eastern and Western Rift Valleys. To the west, the Albertine Rift — the chain of mountains and lakes that forms the border with the Democratic Republic of Congo — concentrates some of the most ancient and diverse forest habitats in the continent. To the east, savanna and acacia woodland extend toward the shores of Lake Victoria and the drier plains.",[15,19,20,21,25],{},"This combination of habitats, compressed into a country the size of the United Kingdom, produces a butterfly fauna of approximately ",[22,23,24],"strong",{},"1,200 species"," — a density of diversity matched by almost nowhere else on Earth at this latitude. Uganda is recognised by the World Wildlife Fund as the most biodiverse country per unit area in Africa.",[10,27,29],{"id":28},"the-albertine-rift-africas-butterfly-heartland","The Albertine Rift — Africa's butterfly heartland",[15,31,32,33,36],{},"The mountains along Uganda's western border — the Rwenzori, the Virunga volcanoes, and the escarpments above Lakes Edward, George, and Albert — form part of the ",[22,34,35],{},"Albertine Rift biodiversity hotspot",", one of 36 global hotspots identified as irreplaceable for conservation.",[15,38,39],{},"The forests here survived the climatic oscillations of the Pleistocene as refugia when much of the surrounding landscape dried out. Species isolated in these refugia evolved in place over millions of years; the result is high endemism — at every taxonomic level, from subspecies to full species, the Albertine Rift has more unique forms than any other part of Africa.",[41,42,44],"h3",{"id":43},"bwindi-impenetrable-forest","Bwindi Impenetrable Forest",[15,46,47],{},"Bwindi, famous for its mountain gorillas, is Uganda's premier butterfly site. The forest is ancient, unlogged, and extraordinarily rich:",[49,50,51,63,72,81],"ul",{},[52,53,54,57,58,62],"li",{},[22,55,56],{},"African giant swallowtail"," (",[59,60,61],"em",{},"Papilio antimachus",") — males patrolling high ridges; occasionally gliding down to muddy stream banks",[52,64,65,57,68,71],{},[22,66,67],{},"Mocker swallowtail",[59,69,70],{},"Papilio dardanus",") — common at forest edges, females mimicking various distasteful species",[52,73,74,57,77,80],{},[22,75,76],{},"African blue tiger",[59,78,79],{},"Tirumala petiverana",") — forest clearings and rides",[52,82,83,84,87],{},"Multiple ",[59,85,86],{},"Charaxes"," species — Uganda holds over 60 of Africa's ~190 Charaxes, many concentrated in Bwindi",[15,89,90],{},"The higher elevations of Bwindi (up to 2,607 m) add montane forest species shared with the Virunga chain.",[41,92,94],{"id":93},"kibale-forest-national-park","Kibale Forest National Park",[15,96,97],{},"Kibale's mid-altitude moist forest (1,110–1,590 m) holds an exceptionally accessible and well-studied butterfly community:",[49,99,100,109,115,124],{},[52,101,102,57,105,108],{},[22,103,104],{},"African monarch",[59,106,107],{},"Danaus chrysippus",") — forest margins and clearings",[52,110,111,114],{},[22,112,113],{},"Cymothoe"," species — bright red and orange nymphalids of the forest interior",[52,116,117,57,120,123],{},[22,118,119],{},"Forest queen",[59,121,122],{},"Euhaploea core",") — dark forest glades",[52,125,126],{},"Numerous small Lycaenidae endemic or near-endemic to the Albertine Rift",[41,128,130],{"id":129},"rwenzori-mountains","Rwenzori Mountains",[15,132,133],{},"The \"Mountains of the Moon\" rise to 5,109 m (Margherita Peak) and support a complete montane sequence from lowland forest to afroalpine tundra:",[49,135,136,139,148],{},[52,137,138],{},"Below 2,000 m: lowland forest species shared with Kibale and Bwindi",[52,140,141,142,145,146],{},"2,000–3,000 m: Afromontane forest with several endemic ",[59,143,144],{},"Papilio"," and ",[59,147,86],{},[52,149,150],{},"Above 3,000 m: heather and giant groundsel zone with specialised small lycaenids and skippers",[10,152,154],{"id":153},"beyond-the-rift-savanna-and-lake-shore","Beyond the Rift — savanna and lake shore",[15,156,157],{},"Uganda's eastern and northern regions, dominated by savanna, acacia woodland, and the extensive wetlands around Lake Victoria, hold a different but complementary fauna:",[49,159,160,169,178,187],{},[52,161,162,57,165,168],{},[22,163,164],{},"African map butterfly",[59,166,167],{},"Cyrestis camillus",") — riverine forest edges",[52,170,171,57,174,177],{},[22,172,173],{},"Citrus swallowtail",[59,175,176],{},"Papilio demodocus",") — ubiquitous in gardens and orchards",[52,179,180,57,183,186],{},[22,181,182],{},"Wanderer",[59,184,185],{},"Pareronia tritaea",") — migratory pierid of open savanna",[52,188,189,57,192,195],{},[22,190,191],{},"African clouded yellow",[59,193,194],{},"Colias electo",") — dry grassland",[15,197,198],{},"The Budongo Forest Reserve, northeast of Murchison Falls, is the most accessible large forest site in northern Uganda and provides a productive introduction to Ugandan forest butterflies.",[10,200,202],{"id":201},"seasonality","Seasonality",[204,205,206,219],"table",{},[207,208,209],"thead",{},[210,211,212,216],"tr",{},[213,214,215],"th",{},"Period",[213,217,218],{},"Conditions and highlights",[220,221,222,231,239,247],"tbody",{},[210,223,224,228],{},[225,226,227],"td",{},"December–February",[225,229,230],{},"Dry season: peak activity at forest edges; giant swallowtail visible",[210,232,233,236],{},[225,234,235],{},"March–May",[225,237,238],{},"Long rains: reduced activity but good for forest-interior species",[210,240,241,244],{},[225,242,243],{},"June–August",[225,245,246],{},"Second dry season: another peak period; Rwenzori montane species",[210,248,249,252],{},[225,250,251],{},"September–November",[225,253,254],{},"Short rains: lower activity; some migratory species arrive",[10,256,258],{"id":257},"conservation","Conservation",[15,260,261],{},"Uganda's forests face pressure from an expanding agricultural frontier, charcoal production, and the demands of one of Africa's fastest-growing populations. Bwindi and Kibale are both national parks with strong protection and well-established tourist infrastructure (primarily for gorilla and chimpanzee tracking), which provides economic incentives for forest conservation. The Albertine Rift Conservation Programme coordinates research and protection across the national borders with DRC, Rwanda, and Burundi.",[15,263,264],{},"The main threat to butterfly diversity outside protected areas is the loss of forest-edge and riverine forest habitat to small-scale agriculture. Several endemic Albertine Rift species — particularly the smaller lycaenids and skippers — are known from only a handful of forest patches and are acutely vulnerable to habitat reduction.",{"title":266,"searchDepth":267,"depth":267,"links":268},"",2,[269,270,276,277,278],{"id":12,"depth":267,"text":13},{"id":28,"depth":267,"text":29,"children":271},[272,274,275],{"id":43,"depth":273,"text":44},3,{"id":93,"depth":273,"text":94},{"id":129,"depth":273,"text":130},{"id":153,"depth":267,"text":154},{"id":201,"depth":267,"text":202},{"id":257,"depth":267,"text":258},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fuganda.png","Uganda records around 1,200 butterfly species — one of Africa's highest densities, home to species found nowhere else, including the world's largest.","md",[283,286,289],{"q":284,"a":285},"How many butterfly species are found in Uganda?","Uganda is estimated to harbour approximately 1,200 species of day-flying butterflies — an extraordinary figure for a country of only 241,000 km². This makes it one of the most species-dense butterfly countries in Africa, rivalled only by the Democratic Republic of Congo and Cameroon. The richness is primarily due to Uganda's position straddling the Albertine Rift — the mountain chain running along its western border — which acted as a refugium throughout climate fluctuations of the Pleistocene, preserving ancient forest communities of great botanical and faunal diversity. The Bwindi Impenetrable Forest alone has recorded over 400 butterfly species.",{"q":287,"a":288},"What is the largest butterfly in Africa?","The African giant swallowtail (Papilio antimachus) is the largest butterfly on the African continent, with a wingspan reaching 230–250 mm in large males. It is essentially a Ugandan and Congolese rainforest species — the core of its range lies in the forests of southwestern Uganda (Bwindi, Kibale) and adjacent DRC. Despite its size it can be difficult to observe because it spends much of its time in the upper forest canopy, gliding along ridgetops and descending only rarely to ground level. It is toxic and distasteful to predators, advertising this with its bold orange and black wing pattern — one of the most striking sights in African entomology.",{"q":290,"a":291},"When and where should I go to see Uganda's butterflies?","Uganda's butterfly season is longest at low elevations, where some species fly year-round. The two dry seasons — December to February and June to August — generally offer the best conditions for observation: less rain, clearer skies, and peak activity at forest edges and clearings. Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (southwestern Uganda) and Kibale Forest National Park (mid-west) are the premier sites for forest species, including the giant swallowtail. The Budongo Forest near Murchison Falls is more accessible and holds a different but overlapping forest fauna. Queen Elizabeth National Park and the Rwenzori Mountains add montane and savanna species for a complete picture of Uganda's diversity.","Photorealistic nature photo, Papilio antimachus African giant swallowtail butterfly with enormous orange and black wings gliding over tropical forest canopy in Uganda's Bwindi forest, green rainforest and misty Albertine Rift valley in background, dramatic equatorial light, 16:9",{},true,null,"atlas","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fuganda","16.08.2026",[300,304,308,312],{"label":301,"path":302,"description":303},"Africa","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika","Overview of butterflies of Africa",{"label":305,"path":306,"description":307},"Kenya","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkeniya","Butterflies of Kenya — savanna and highland species",{"label":309,"path":310,"description":311},"Cameroon","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkamerun","Butterflies of Cameroon — Afromontane forest",{"label":313,"path":314,"description":315},"Ethiopia","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fetiopia","Butterflies of Ethiopia — the Horn of Africa",{"title":317,"description":318},"Butterflies of Uganda — 1,200 Species, Albertine Rift, African Giant Swallowtail","Uganda butterfly atlas: 1,200 species in the Albertine Rift biodiversity hotspot. Papilio antimachus, Charaxes, forest nymphalids — Bwindi, Kibale, key sites and seasons.",{"loc":297},"atlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fuganda","dylIAYHk4AsrEqJBZFRUm76KOlfuzfmYrP1nCOW-quc",[],[],[325,327,329,331],{"label":301,"path":302,"description":303,"coverImage":326,"latinName":295},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika.png",{"label":305,"path":306,"description":307,"coverImage":328,"latinName":295},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkeniya.png",{"label":309,"path":310,"description":311,"coverImage":330,"latinName":295},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkamerun.png",{"label":313,"path":314,"description":315,"coverImage":332,"latinName":295},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fetiopia.png",[334,338,342,346,351,356,362,367,372],{"title":335,"description":336,"path":310,"coverImage":330,"publishedAt":337,"order":295},"Butterflies of Cameroon","Cameroon — Africa in miniature: mangroves, Sahel scrub, Congo rainforest. Around 900-1,000 species at the junction of West and Central Africa.","19.07.2026",{"title":339,"description":340,"path":314,"coverImage":332,"publishedAt":341,"order":295},"Butterflies of Ethiopia","Ethiopia's altitudinal range, from the Danakil Depression to the Simien Mountains, supports around 650–700 butterfly species, including Afromontane endemics.","21.07.2026",{"title":343,"description":344,"path":306,"coverImage":328,"publishedAt":345,"order":295},"Butterflies of Kenya","Kenya is an African leader in butterfly tourism. More than 800 day-flying species in savannas, mountain forests, and coastal mangroves.","28.05.2026",{"title":347,"description":348,"path":349,"coverImage":350,"publishedAt":345,"order":295},"Butterflies of Madagascar","Madagascar is an island of endemics with a unique butterfly fauna. About 300 day-flying species, most found nowhere else in the world.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmadagaskar","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmadagaskar.png",{"title":352,"description":353,"path":354,"coverImage":355,"publishedAt":345,"order":295},"Butterflies of Morocco","Morocco is the gateway to Africa for European entomologists, with about 200 species: Atlas mountain species, Mediterranean migrants, and Saharan specialists.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmarokko","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmarokko.png",{"title":357,"description":358,"path":359,"coverImage":360,"publishedAt":361,"order":295},"Butterflies of Nigeria","Nigeria is home to about 1,000 butterfly species, including the African Giant Swallowtail — Africa's largest. Cross River rainforest is a key hotspot.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fnigeriya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fnigeriya.png","17.07.2026",{"title":363,"description":364,"path":365,"coverImage":366,"publishedAt":345,"order":295},"Butterflies of South Africa","South Africa is Africa's most studied country in entomology. More than 660 day-flying species and a unique fauna of the Cape Floristic Region.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fyuzhnaya-afrika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fyuzhnaya-afrika.png",{"title":368,"description":369,"path":370,"coverImage":371,"publishedAt":345,"order":295},"Butterflies of Tanzania","Tanzania — land of Kilimanjaro and tropical forests. More than 750 day-flying species in mountains, savannas, and coastal forests of Zanzibar.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Ftanzaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Ftanzaniya.png",{"title":5,"description":280,"path":297,"coverImage":279,"publishedAt":298,"order":295},[374,380,386,392,397,403,404,409,414,419,424,429,434,440,441,446,451,456,462,467,472,477,482,487,492,497,498,503,508,509,515,520,521,526,532,538,544,545,551,556,561,567,572,577,582,587,592,593,598,604,609,614,620,621,626,631,632,638,644,649,654,659,664,668,674,679,684,687,693,699,705],{"title":375,"description":376,"path":377,"coverImage":378,"publishedAt":379,"order":295},"Butterflies of Altai Krai and the Altai Republic","Butterflies of the Altai: mountain species, Apollo, mnemosyne, more than 150 species in steppes and alpine meadows. Best routes for observation.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Faltayskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Faltayskiy-kray.png","01.05.2026",{"title":381,"description":382,"path":383,"coverImage":384,"publishedAt":385,"order":295},"Butterflies of Argentina","Argentina has about 1,400 butterfly species across varied landscapes: subtropical Misiones, Andean Yungas cloud forests, Gran Chaco, and cold Patagonia.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fargentina","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fargentina.png","30.06.2026",{"title":387,"description":388,"path":389,"coverImage":390,"publishedAt":391,"order":295},"Butterflies of Australia","Australia has about 420 butterfly species — modest globally but with high endemism. Queensland's tropical rainforests hold most of the diversity.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Favstraliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Favstraliya.png","07.07.2026",{"title":393,"description":394,"path":395,"coverImage":396,"publishedAt":379,"order":295},"Butterflies of Austria","Austria is an Alpine country with exceptionally rich mountain butterfly fauna: more than 200 species, including unique alpine species and endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Favstriya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Favstriya.png",{"title":398,"description":399,"path":400,"coverImage":401,"publishedAt":402,"order":295},"Butterflies of Brazil","Brazil is the world leader in butterfly diversity: more than 3,500 species across Amazonia, the Cerrado, and the Atlantic Forest, with thousands of endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fbraziliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fbraziliya.jpg","14.06.2026",{"title":335,"description":336,"path":310,"coverImage":330,"publishedAt":337,"order":295},{"title":405,"description":406,"path":407,"coverImage":408,"publishedAt":345,"order":295},"Butterflies of Canada","Canada is a country of boreal forests and arctic tundra. About 300 day-flying butterfly species, including unique arctic and subarctic species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkanada","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkanada.png",{"title":410,"description":411,"path":412,"coverImage":413,"publishedAt":379,"order":295},"Butterflies of China","China is the world leader in butterfly species: more than 2,000 species. Yunnan Province is one of the world's richest entomological regions.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkitay","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkitay.png",{"title":415,"description":416,"path":417,"coverImage":418,"publishedAt":402,"order":295},"Butterflies of Colombia","Colombia ranks third in the world for butterfly diversity: about 3,400 species, spanning Amazonia, the Andes, and a Caribbean coast on two oceans.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fkolombiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fkolombiya.jpg",{"title":420,"description":421,"path":422,"coverImage":423,"publishedAt":345,"order":295},"Butterflies of Costa Rica","Costa Rica is a world leader in butterfly species density. More than 1,500 species in a country smaller than Moscow Oblast.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkosta-rika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkosta-rika.png",{"title":425,"description":426,"path":427,"coverImage":428,"publishedAt":379,"order":295},"Butterflies of Crimea","Butterflies of the Crimean Peninsula: Mediterranean species, southern festoon, more than 130 day-flying butterflies on mountain yaylas and in steppes.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-krym","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-krym.png",{"title":430,"description":431,"path":432,"coverImage":433,"publishedAt":345,"order":295},"Butterflies of Cuba","Cuba is the largest Caribbean island with unique endemic butterfly fauna. About 200 day-flying species, many found nowhere else in the world.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkuba","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkuba.png",{"title":435,"description":436,"path":437,"coverImage":438,"publishedAt":439,"order":295},"Butterflies of Ecuador","Ecuador has the highest butterfly species density in the world: about 4,500 species in a country smaller than Germany, spanning Amazon and Andean forests.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fekvador","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fekvador.png","02.07.2026",{"title":339,"description":340,"path":314,"coverImage":332,"publishedAt":341,"order":295},{"title":442,"description":443,"path":444,"coverImage":445,"publishedAt":379,"order":295},"Butterflies of Finland","About 120 species of day-flying butterflies live in Finland, rich in bog and forest species, with migrants from Central Europe on the southern coast.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffinlyandiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffinlyandiya.png",{"title":447,"description":448,"path":449,"coverImage":450,"publishedAt":379,"order":295},"Butterflies of France","France has the richest day-flying butterfly diversity in Western Europe — more than 250 species. From Pyrenean alpine meadows to Mediterranean maquis.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffranciya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffranciya.png",{"title":452,"description":453,"path":454,"coverImage":455,"publishedAt":379,"order":295},"Butterflies of Germany","Germany is one of Europe's most studied regions in entomology. About 3,700 Lepidoptera species, including more than 180 day-flying butterfly species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgermaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgermaniya.png",{"title":457,"description":458,"path":459,"coverImage":460,"publishedAt":461,"order":295},"Butterflies of Greece","Greece records around 230 species of day-flying butterflies — one of Europe's richest faunas, where warmth meets limestone mountains and eastern elements.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgreciya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgreciya.png","02.08.2026",{"title":463,"description":464,"path":465,"coverImage":466,"publishedAt":379,"order":295},"Butterflies of India","India ranks second in the world for butterfly species: about 1,500 day-flying species. The Western Ghats and Himalayas are global biodiversity hotspots.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findiya.png",{"title":468,"description":469,"path":470,"coverImage":471,"publishedAt":379,"order":295},"Butterflies of Indonesia","Indonesia is a world leader in birdwing species and one of the richest regions for butterfly fauna, with Borneo, Sulawesi, and New Guinea endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findoneziya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findoneziya.png",{"title":473,"description":474,"path":475,"coverImage":476,"publishedAt":379,"order":295},"Butterflies of Irkutsk Oblast (Lake Baikal)","Butterflies of Lake Baikal and Irkutsk Oblast: Siberian species and mountain butterflies of Khamar-Daban, more than 100 species on the sacred lake's shores.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Firkutskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Firkutskaya-oblast.png",{"title":478,"description":479,"path":480,"coverImage":481,"publishedAt":379,"order":295},"Butterflies of Italy","Italy has exceptionally rich butterfly fauna: more than 280 day-flying species. Alps, Apennines, Sicily, and Sardinia create enormous biotope diversity.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fitaliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fitaliya.png",{"title":483,"description":484,"path":485,"coverImage":486,"publishedAt":379,"order":295},"Butterflies of Japan","Japan has exceptionally rich butterfly fauna: more than 240 day-flying species, with island-arc endemics, seasonal migrants, and unique mountain species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fyaponiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fyaponiya.png",{"title":488,"description":489,"path":490,"coverImage":491,"publishedAt":379,"order":295},"Butterflies of Kaliningrad Oblast","Butterflies of Kaliningrad Oblast: West European species on the amber coast, about 90 day-flying species, wet meadows and dunes of the Curonian Spit.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkaliningradskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkaliningradskaya-oblast.png",{"title":493,"description":494,"path":495,"coverImage":496,"publishedAt":379,"order":295},"Butterflies of Kazakhstan","Kazakhstan is the largest country in Central Asia, with about 400 butterfly species across the Tian Shan and Altai mountains, steppes, and deserts.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkazakstan","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkazakstan.png",{"title":343,"description":344,"path":306,"coverImage":328,"publishedAt":345,"order":295},{"title":499,"description":500,"path":501,"coverImage":502,"publishedAt":379,"order":295},"Butterflies of Krasnodar Krai","Butterflies of Krasnodar Krai and the Black Sea coast: more than 180 species, Caucasian and subtropical species, best observation sites.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkrasnodarskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkrasnodarskiy-kray.png",{"title":504,"description":505,"path":506,"coverImage":507,"publishedAt":379,"order":295},"Butterflies of Leningrad Oblast","Butterflies of Leningrad Oblast and Saint Petersburg: about 80 species in taiga forests, bogs, and meadows. Species, seasons, and observation sites.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fleningradskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fleningradskaya-oblast.png",{"title":347,"description":348,"path":349,"coverImage":350,"publishedAt":345,"order":295},{"title":510,"description":511,"path":512,"coverImage":513,"publishedAt":514,"order":295},"Butterflies of Malaysia","Malaysia harbours around 1,300 butterfly species across Peninsular Malaysia and Bornean Sabah and Sarawak. Rajah Brooke's Birdwing is the national butterfly.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmalajziya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmalajziya.png","13.07.2026",{"title":516,"description":517,"path":518,"coverImage":519,"publishedAt":345,"order":295},"Butterflies of Mexico","Mexico has one of the world's richest butterfly diversities: more than 2,000 species, monarch wintering grounds, and neotropical jungles of the Yucatán.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fmeksika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fmeksika.png",{"title":352,"description":353,"path":354,"coverImage":355,"publishedAt":345,"order":295},{"title":522,"description":523,"path":524,"coverImage":525,"publishedAt":379,"order":295},"Butterflies of Moscow Oblast","Butterfly species of Moscow Oblast: more than 120 day-flying species in forests, meadows, and river valleys. Best observation sites and flight seasons.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fmoskovskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fmoskovskaya-oblast.png",{"title":527,"description":528,"path":529,"coverImage":530,"publishedAt":531,"order":295},"Butterflies of Myanmar","Myanmar lies at the crossroads of the Indo-Malayan and Indo-Chinese faunal zones, with an estimated 900–1,000 butterfly species — one of Asia's richest.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmjanmar","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmjanmar.png","14.08.2026",{"title":533,"description":534,"path":535,"coverImage":536,"publishedAt":537,"order":295},"Butterflies of Nepal","Nepal compresses an 8,700-metre altitudinal range into a narrow strip — from Terai plains to the highest peaks — producing around 650 butterfly species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fnepalj","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fnepalj.png","25.07.2026",{"title":539,"description":540,"path":541,"coverImage":542,"publishedAt":543,"order":295},"Butterflies of New Zealand","New Zealand has only about 20 native butterfly species — one of the smallest faunas — but endemism is high, with several found nowhere else.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fnovaya-zelandiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fnovaya-zelandiya.png","11.07.2026",{"title":357,"description":358,"path":359,"coverImage":360,"publishedAt":361,"order":295},{"title":546,"description":547,"path":548,"coverImage":549,"publishedAt":550,"order":295},"Butterflies of Norway","Around 85 butterfly species are recorded in Norway, whose latitudinal range spans mild coasts and harsh Arctic fell, supporting boreal and Arctic specialists.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fnorvegiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fnorvegiya.png","29.07.2026",{"title":552,"description":553,"path":554,"coverImage":555,"publishedAt":379,"order":295},"Butterflies of Novosibirsk Oblast (Western Siberia)","Butterflies of Novosibirsk Oblast: West Siberian species, more than 80 day-flying butterflies in forest-steppe and birch groves.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fnovosibirskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fnovosibirskaya-oblast.png",{"title":557,"description":558,"path":559,"coverImage":560,"publishedAt":345,"order":295},"Butterflies of Panama","Panama is the isthmus between two Americas, a biological corridor for thousands of species, with more than 1,200 species on migration and speciation routes.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fpanama","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fpanama.png",{"title":562,"description":563,"path":564,"coverImage":565,"publishedAt":566,"order":295},"Butterflies of Papua New Guinea","Papua New Guinea is home to over 800 butterfly species, including the Queen Alexandra's Birdwing, the world's largest butterfly with a 280mm wingspan.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fpapua-novaya-gvineya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fpapua-novaya-gvineya.png","09.07.2026",{"title":568,"description":569,"path":570,"coverImage":571,"publishedAt":402,"order":295},"Butterflies of Peru","Peru ranks second in the world for butterfly diversity: more than 3,500 species, across the Amazon basin, the Andes, and the Pacific coast.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fperu","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fperu.jpg",{"title":573,"description":574,"path":575,"coverImage":576,"publishedAt":379,"order":295},"Butterflies of Poland","Poland lies at the junction of Western and Eastern European faunas, with about 160 species, including apollo, clouded apollo, and marsh fritillary.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fpolsha","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fpolsha.png",{"title":578,"description":579,"path":580,"coverImage":581,"publishedAt":379,"order":295},"Butterflies of Primorsky Krai","Butterflies of Primorye: unique Far Eastern fauna, Maack’s swallowtail, more than 200 day-flying species in cedar–broadleaf forests.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fprimorskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fprimorskiy-kray.png",{"title":583,"description":584,"path":585,"coverImage":586,"publishedAt":379,"order":295},"Butterflies of Rostov Oblast","Butterflies of Rostov Oblast: steppe species of the Don steppes, more than 100 day-flying butterflies, unique steppe blues and ringlets.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frostovskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frostovskaya-oblast.png",{"title":588,"description":589,"path":590,"coverImage":591,"publishedAt":379,"order":295},"Butterflies of Samara Oblast (Volga region)","Butterflies of Samara Oblast: forest-steppe species of the Volga, Zhiguli Mountains, more than 100 day-flying butterflies on the banks of the Volga.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsamarskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsamarskaya-oblast.png",{"title":363,"description":364,"path":365,"coverImage":366,"publishedAt":345,"order":295},{"title":594,"description":595,"path":596,"coverImage":597,"publishedAt":379,"order":295},"Butterflies of Spain","Spain has the greatest day-flying butterfly diversity in Western Europe: more than 230 species, including Iberian endemics and high-mountain swallowtails.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fispaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fispaniya.png",{"title":599,"description":600,"path":601,"coverImage":602,"publishedAt":603,"order":295},"Butterflies of Sri Lanka","Sri Lanka's compact geography, split between wet southwest and dry northeast, supports around 245 butterfly species, including 25+ endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fshri-lanka","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fshri-lanka.png","23.07.2026",{"title":605,"description":606,"path":607,"coverImage":608,"publishedAt":379,"order":295},"Butterflies of Stavropol Krai","Butterflies of Stavropol Krai: steppe and mountain species of the Pre-Caucasus, more than 140 day-flying butterflies at the foot of the Caucasus.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fstavropolskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fstavropolskiy-kray.png",{"title":610,"description":611,"path":612,"coverImage":613,"publishedAt":379,"order":295},"Butterflies of Sverdlovsk Oblast (Urals)","Butterflies of Sverdlovsk Oblast and the Urals: mountain and taiga species, Apollo and other protected butterflies, observation sites in the Middle Urals.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsverdlovskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsverdlovskaya-oblast.png",{"title":615,"description":616,"path":617,"coverImage":618,"publishedAt":619,"order":295},"Butterflies of Sweden","Sweden records around 120 butterfly species. Its long north–south extent spans Central European fauna in the south to true Arctic specialists in Lapland.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fshveciya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fshveciya.png","08.08.2026",{"title":368,"description":369,"path":370,"coverImage":371,"publishedAt":345,"order":295},{"title":622,"description":623,"path":624,"coverImage":625,"publishedAt":379,"order":295},"Butterflies of Thailand","Thailand is a tropical country with more than 1,200 butterfly species. Doi Inthanon and Khao Yai are among the best observation sites in Southeast Asia.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Ftailand","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Ftailand.png",{"title":627,"description":628,"path":629,"coverImage":630,"publishedAt":379,"order":295},"Butterflies of Turkey","Turkey lies at the junction of Europe and Asia with rich fauna: more than 450 butterfly species. The Taurus Mountains are a unique center of endemism.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fturtsiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fturtsiya.png",{"title":5,"description":280,"path":297,"coverImage":279,"publishedAt":298,"order":295},{"title":633,"description":634,"path":635,"coverImage":636,"publishedAt":637,"order":295},"Butterflies of Venezuela","Venezuela is home to about 1,500 butterfly species and world-famous for its tepuis — ancient sandstone table mountains with high levels of butterfly endemism.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fvenecuela","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fvenecuela.png","04.07.2026",{"title":639,"description":640,"path":641,"coverImage":642,"publishedAt":643,"order":295},"Butterflies of Vietnam","Vietnam is home to around 1,500 butterfly species. Its narrow S-shape spans subtropical north to equatorial south, producing exceptional habitat diversity.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fvetnam","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fvetnam.png","15.07.2026",{"title":645,"description":646,"path":647,"coverImage":648,"publishedAt":379,"order":295},"Butterflies of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Southern Urals)","Butterflies of Bashkortostan: mountain and steppe species of the Southern Urals, Apollo, more than 120 species in mountains and mixed-grass steppes.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-bashkortostan","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-bashkortostan.png",{"title":650,"description":651,"path":652,"coverImage":653,"publishedAt":379,"order":295},"Butterflies of the Republic of Karelia","Butterflies of Karelia: northern taiga species, bog butterflies, about 60 day-flying species on lake shores and in pine forests.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-kareliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-kareliya.png",{"title":655,"description":656,"path":657,"coverImage":658,"publishedAt":379,"order":295},"Butterflies of the United Kingdom","About 60 species of day-flying butterflies live in the United Kingdom — few in number, but several unique to island fauna, with a strong watching culture.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fvelikobritaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fvelikobritaniya.png",{"title":660,"description":661,"path":662,"coverImage":663,"publishedAt":345,"order":295},"Butterflies of the United States","The United States is one of the world's most studied regions for butterfly biodiversity, with more than 700 species from Alaska's tundra to Florida's swamps.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fssha","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fssha.png",{"title":665,"description":666,"path":667,"coverImage":295,"publishedAt":379,"order":295},"World Butterfly Atlas","Geographic butterfly atlas: species diversity by continent and region — from Arctic tundra to tropical forests, with ranges and flight seasons.","\u002Fatlas",{"title":669,"description":670,"path":671,"coverImage":672,"publishedAt":379,"order":673},"Russia","Guide to butterflies of Russia: from tundra to Caucasus subtropics — more than 300 species of day-flying butterflies in the world's largest country.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya.png",1,{"title":675,"description":676,"path":677,"coverImage":678,"publishedAt":379,"order":267},"Europe","Butterflies of Europe: about 500 day-flying species, from the Mediterranean to the Arctic. Alps, Mediterranean, islands — the continent's richest regions.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa.png",{"title":680,"description":681,"path":682,"coverImage":683,"publishedAt":379,"order":273},"Asia","Butterflies of Asia: from the Arctic tundra of Siberia to the tropics of Southeast Asia. The largest continent with 5,000+ species of day-flying butterflies.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya.png",{"title":301,"description":685,"path":302,"coverImage":326,"publishedAt":379,"order":686},"Butterflies of Africa: about 3,500 day-flying species, from the Sahara to the Congo rainforests. Madagascar, East African Rift, Cape — the richest regions.",4,{"title":688,"description":689,"path":690,"coverImage":691,"publishedAt":379,"order":692},"North America","Butterflies of North America: about 800 day-flying species, monarch, swallowtails, blues. USA, Canada, Mexico — different climate zones with unique faunas.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika.png",5,{"title":694,"description":695,"path":696,"coverImage":697,"publishedAt":379,"order":698},"South America","Butterflies of South America: more than 3,500 day-flying species, Amazon, Andes. Morphos, heliconiids, ithomiids, birdwings — the richest region in the world.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika.png",6,{"title":700,"description":701,"path":702,"coverImage":703,"publishedAt":379,"order":704},"Australia and Oceania","Butterflies of Australia and Oceania: about 400 species in Australia, Papua birdwings, unique Pacific islands. Isolated fauna with high endemism.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya.png",7,{"title":706,"description":707,"path":708,"coverImage":709,"publishedAt":379,"order":710},"Distribution maps","How to read butterfly range maps: what they show, what shapes distribution boundaries, data sources, and how to use atlas maps.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fkarty-rasprostraneniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fkarty-rasprostraneniya.png",8,[712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719],{"title":669,"description":670,"path":671,"coverImage":672,"publishedAt":379,"order":673},{"title":675,"description":676,"path":677,"coverImage":678,"publishedAt":379,"order":267},{"title":680,"description":681,"path":682,"coverImage":683,"publishedAt":379,"order":273},{"title":301,"description":685,"path":302,"coverImage":326,"publishedAt":379,"order":686},{"title":688,"description":689,"path":690,"coverImage":691,"publishedAt":379,"order":692},{"title":694,"description":695,"path":696,"coverImage":697,"publishedAt":379,"order":698},{"title":700,"description":701,"path":702,"coverImage":703,"publishedAt":379,"order":704},{"title":706,"description":707,"path":708,"coverImage":709,"publishedAt":379,"order":710},1787125891685]