[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":816},["ShallowReactive",2],{"atlas_en:\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fetiopia":3,"alt-locale:atlas_en:\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fetiopia":392,"section-listing:disabled":421,"related-covers:en:":422,"related-covers:en:\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika|\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkeniya|\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Ftanzaniya|\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fyuzhnaya-afrika":423,"section-listing:atlas_en:\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika":432,"section-listing:atlas_en:\u002Fatlas":470,"section-collection:atlas_en":514},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"coverImage":377,"description":378,"extension":379,"faq":380,"imagePrompt":390,"meta":391,"navigation":392,"order":393,"pageType":394,"path":395,"publishedAt":396,"readingMinutes":397,"region":393,"relatedLinks":398,"seo":415,"sitemap":418,"stem":419,"updatedAt":393,"__hash__":420},"atlas_en\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fetiopia.md","Butterflies of Ethiopia",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":360},"minimark",[9,14,35,46,50,55,61,64,68,81,86,96,100,106,109,137,141,151,154,178,189,193,202,207,216,222,236,243,247,250,274,277,281,284,298,308,315,319,326,329,334,338],[10,11,13],"h2",{"id":12},"an-extreme-altitudinal-range","An extreme altitudinal range",[15,16,17,18,22,23,26,27,30,31,34],"p",{},"Ethiopia's geography is defined by its extraordinary topography. The ",[19,20,21],"strong",{},"Ethiopian Highlands"," — the largest continuous highland mass in Africa — rise to over 4,500 m in the Simien Mountains and form a vast plateau dissected by the ",[19,24,25],{},"Great Rift Valley",". East of the highlands, the land drops sharply to the ",[19,28,29],{},"Ogaden semi-desert"," and the ",[19,32,33],{},"Danakil Depression",", one of the lowest and hottest places on Earth at 125 m below sea level. To the west and south, forests and savannahs extend toward the Congo Basin and the East African lowlands.",[15,36,37,38,41,42,45],{},"This altitudinal range — spanning over 4,600 m — produces some of the most varied habitat conditions in Africa within a single country, and correspondingly diverse butterfly communities. With approximately ",[19,39,40],{},"650–700 recorded species",", Ethiopia is not the richest African country by total count, but the degree of ",[19,43,44],{},"endemism"," in its highland fauna is exceptional.",[10,47,49],{"id":48},"the-ethiopian-highlands","The Ethiopian Highlands",[51,52,54],"h3",{"id":53},"simien-mountains","Simien Mountains",[15,56,57,58,60],{},"The ",[19,59,54],{}," in the north (Amhara region) contain the highest peaks in Ethiopia, including Ras Dashen (4,550 m). The Afroalpine zone above 3,500 m is dominated by giant lobelias and heathers — a distinctive vegetation type found only on the highest East and Central African mountains.",[15,62,63],{},"The butterfly fauna at this altitude is sparse but distinct: high-altitude coppers, blues, and satyrs adapted to cold and wind. Below the alpine zone, montane grasslands and Afromontane forest patches hold a richer fauna, though surveys here remain incomplete.",[51,65,67],{"id":66},"bale-mountains-national-park","Bale Mountains National Park",[15,69,70,72,73,76,77,80],{},[19,71,67],{}," (2,400 km²) in the south-central highlands is the most important protected area for Afromontane biodiversity in Ethiopia. The park spans from montane forest at around 1,500 m through a vast Afroalpine plateau (the ",[19,74,75],{},"Sanetti Plateau",", largely above 3,800 m) to the ",[19,78,79],{},"Harenna Forest"," on the southern escarpment.",[15,82,57,83,85],{},[19,84,79],{}," is one of Ethiopia's most significant ecological areas: a moist montane forest on the southern slopes of the Bale Mountains that receives rainfall both from the Indian Ocean and from the Congo basin air masses. Its butterfly fauna is distinct from the drier northern highlands and includes several species at the edge of their East African ranges. Some butterfly species may be endemic to Harenna — surveys are ongoing.",[15,87,57,88,90,91,95],{},[19,89,75],{}," holds specialist Afroalpine butterflies: certain ",[92,93,94],"em",{},"Acraea"," species, montane blues, and satyrs that occur at 3,800–4,000 m — among the highest-altitude butterflies recorded in Africa.",[10,97,99],{"id":98},"the-great-rift-valley","The Great Rift Valley",[15,101,57,102,105],{},[19,103,104],{},"Ethiopian Rift Valley"," bisects the highland plateau, creating a biogeographic barrier that has contributed to speciation. The Rift Valley bottom, with its chain of lakes (Ziway, Langano, Abijata, Shalla, Awasa, Abaya, Chamo), supports a dry-adapted butterfly fauna very different from the highland forests on either side.",[15,107,108],{},"Rift Valley species include:",[110,111,112,119,125,131],"ul",{},[113,114,115,118],"li",{},[19,116,117],{},"Junonia"," pansies — common at lower elevations near lake margins and scrub",[113,120,121,124],{},[19,122,123],{},"Colotis"," pierids — vivid species adapted to dry thorn-scrub and semi-arid conditions",[113,126,127,130],{},[19,128,129],{},"Acraea\u002FTelchinia"," — numerous species in open bush and grassland",[113,132,133,136],{},[19,134,135],{},"Danaus chrysippus"," (African Monarch) — abundant throughout open and semi-open habitats in the Rift",[10,138,140],{"id":139},"southwestern-forests","Southwestern forests",[15,142,57,143,146,147,150],{},[19,144,145],{},"Kaffa, Jimma, and Illubabor"," zones in southwestern Ethiopia preserve some of the country's most extensive remaining natural forest, including the origin forests of wild coffee (",[92,148,149],{},"Coffea arabica","). These moist forests connect ecologically with East African and Congo Basin forest fauna, and their butterfly diversity is the highest in the country.",[15,152,153],{},"Key species of the southwestern forests include:",[110,155,156,163,169,175],{},[113,157,158,159,162],{},"Forest ",[92,160,161],{},"Charaxes"," — large, fast-flying emperors baiting to fermenting fruit",[113,164,165,168],{},[92,166,167],{},"Graphium"," swallowtails — fast, graceful species along forest rivers and glades",[113,170,158,171,174],{},[92,172,173],{},"Papilio"," swallowtails including species shared with the East African coast",[113,176,177],{},"Numerous forest lycaenids (hairstreaks and blues) associated with specific tree species",[15,179,180,181,184,185,188],{},"Surveys of this region are less comprehensive than in the better-known parks; botanically rich forests near ",[19,182,183],{},"Jimma"," and around ",[19,186,187],{},"Kaffa Biosphere Reserve"," deserve further entomological study.",[10,190,192],{"id":191},"iconic-species","Iconic species",[15,194,195,198,199,201],{},[19,196,197],{},"African Monarch"," (",[92,200,135],{},") — abundant throughout Ethiopia; one of the most commonly seen butterflies across all habitat zones.",[15,203,204,206],{},[19,205,161],{}," spp. — numerous species from lowland forest emperors to drier-country species in the Rift; Ethiopia has at least 30 recorded Charaxes.",[15,208,209,198,212,215],{},[19,210,211],{},"Ethiopian Acraea",[92,213,214],{},"Telchinia"," spp.) — several species found only in the Ethiopian highlands; indicator species for intact Afromontane grassland and forest.",[15,217,218,221],{},[19,219,220],{},"Colotis phisadia"," (Veined White) — striking dry-country species; white with prominent black venation; common in the Rift Valley and northern lowlands.",[15,223,224,227,228,231,232,235],{},[19,225,226],{},"Papilio dardanus"," (Mocker Swallowtail) — widespread Africa-wide; females are extraordinary polymorphic mimics of toxic ",[92,229,230],{},"Danaus"," and ",[92,233,234],{},"Amauris"," species; several forms occur in Ethiopia.",[15,237,238,239,242],{},"*",[92,240,241],{},"Mylothris"," spp. (African Jezebels) — white and yellow with bold black borders; forest species in southwest; several species recorded.",[10,244,246],{"id":245},"palearctic-connections","Palearctic connections",[15,248,249],{},"Ethiopia lies at the northern edge of the Afrotropical region, and its northern highlands and semi-arid zones receive seasonal migrants and wanderers from the Palearctic:",[110,251,252,258,264],{},[113,253,254,257],{},[19,255,256],{},"Colias croceus"," (Clouded Yellow) and related species reach northern Ethiopia seasonally",[113,259,260,263],{},[19,261,262],{},"Vanessa cardui"," (Painted Lady) — abundant in Ethiopia during migration; documented moving through Ethiopia during intercontinental Africa-Europe movements",[113,265,266,267,231,270,273],{},"Several ",[92,268,269],{},"Pieris",[92,271,272],{},"Pontia"," whites occur in northern Ethiopia in forms connecting with Northeast African populations",[15,275,276],{},"This Palearctic-Afrotropical overlap makes Ethiopia valuable for understanding how species ranges respond to seasonal and long-term climate change.",[10,278,280],{"id":279},"observation-season","Observation season",[15,282,283],{},"Ethiopia has two rainy seasons in most highland areas:",[110,285,286,292],{},[113,287,288,291],{},[19,289,290],{},"Belg"," (short rains): March–May — brings renewed vegetation and good butterfly activity, particularly in the Rift Valley",[113,293,294,297],{},[19,295,296],{},"Kiremt"," (main rains): June–September — heavy rain in the highlands; difficult travel conditions but rich larval activity; forest species peak in August–September",[15,299,57,300,303,304,307],{},[19,301,302],{},"best adult butterfly observation"," is in ",[19,305,306],{},"October–January",", after the main rains, when vegetation is lush, trails are accessible, and adults are at peak numbers following the summer breeding season.",[15,309,310,311,314],{},"For the Bale Mountains specifically, the ",[19,312,313],{},"dry season (November–April)"," allows vehicle access to the Sanetti Plateau and trail access in Harenna Forest. The wet season is productive for certain species but access is difficult.",[10,316,318],{"id":317},"conservation","Conservation",[15,320,321,322,325],{},"Ethiopia has lost a substantial proportion of its original forest cover — estimates suggest less than ",[19,323,324],{},"5% of the original highland forest"," remains, concentrated in the southwest and in protected areas like Bale Mountains. The primary drivers are smallholder agriculture expansion, charcoal production, and overgrazing.",[15,327,328],{},"The Afroalpine ecosystem of the Sanetti Plateau is relatively intact but warming temperatures are shrinking the suitable altitude band for cold-adapted species. Several Afromontane endemic species have very restricted ranges and may qualify for threatened status when assessed.",[15,330,331,333],{},[19,332,187],{}," has made some progress in protecting the wild coffee forest ecosystem, including its butterfly communities. Community forest management in the southwest has become a model for combining conservation and rural livelihoods in the region.",[10,335,337],{"id":336},"interesting-facts","Interesting facts",[110,339,340,346,352,355],{},[113,341,342,343,345],{},"Ethiopia is the origin of wild coffee (",[92,344,149],{},") — the Kaffa forests where wild coffee evolved harbour butterfly species associated with coffee-relative plants found nowhere else in the world",[113,347,57,348,351],{},[19,349,350],{},"Gelada baboon",", endemic to the Ethiopian Highlands, is one of the few large primates that feeds on grasses; their grazing patterns influence the grassland structure on which many montane butterfly species depend",[113,353,354],{},"Several species of butterfly first described from Ethiopia in the 19th century by European collectors remain known only from the type specimens — the diversity of remote highland forests is still being discovered",[113,356,57,357,359],{},[19,358,25],{}," visible from satellites runs through the heart of Ethiopia and has been called the place where Africa is splitting apart — the geological process that created these valleys also isolated highland populations and drove the endemism seen in Ethiopian butterflies today",{"title":361,"searchDepth":362,"depth":362,"links":363},"",2,[364,365,370,371,372,373,374,375,376],{"id":12,"depth":362,"text":13},{"id":48,"depth":362,"text":49,"children":366},[367,369],{"id":53,"depth":368,"text":54},3,{"id":66,"depth":368,"text":67},{"id":98,"depth":362,"text":99},{"id":139,"depth":362,"text":140},{"id":191,"depth":362,"text":192},{"id":245,"depth":362,"text":246},{"id":279,"depth":362,"text":280},{"id":317,"depth":362,"text":318},{"id":336,"depth":362,"text":337},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fetiopia.png","Ethiopia's altitudinal range, from the Danakil Depression to the Simien Mountains, supports around 650–700 butterfly species, including Afromontane endemics.","md",[381,384,387],{"q":382,"a":383},"How many butterfly species are there in Ethiopia?","Ethiopia has approximately 650–700 recorded butterfly species. The precise total is uncertain due to incomplete surveys, particularly in remote highland forests and the lowland zones bordering South Sudan and Kenya. The highest diversity is found in the southwestern lowland forests (Kaffa, Jimma, Illubabor zones) where the fauna connects with the Congo Basin and East African lowland species. The highland forests — particularly Bale Mountains and Simien Mountains — hold a distinctive Afromontane fauna with many endemics.",{"q":385,"a":386},"Are there endemic butterflies in Ethiopia?","Yes. Ethiopia's isolated highland plateaux, separated by the Great Rift Valley and surrounded by semi-arid lowlands, have driven the evolution of several butterfly species found only in this country or in the broader Horn of Africa region. Ethiopian endemics occur particularly within the genera Acraea (now Telchinia), Charaxes, and various Lycaenidae. Bale Mountains National Park, with its unique Afroalpine plateau, is the most important site for endemic Afromontane species in Ethiopia.",{"q":388,"a":389},"What is the best time to visit Ethiopia for butterfly observation?","The main rains in Ethiopia fall from June to September (the 'big rains' or kiremt), which makes travel difficult in highland areas but produces lush vegetation and peak larval activity. The best observation conditions for adult butterflies are in the dry seasons: October–January (post-rains, vegetation still green) and March–May (short rains, followed by high butterfly activity). The southwestern forests near Jimma and Kaffa are best during October–December when the forests are most accessible and adult populations peak.","Photorealistic nature photo, colourful butterfly on Afromontane wildflowers in Ethiopian highlands, Bale Mountains setting, lush montane grassland with giant lobelias in background, clear mountain light, 16:9",{},true,null,"atlas","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fetiopia","21.07.2026",1,[399,403,407,411],{"label":400,"path":401,"description":402},"Africa","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika","Overview of butterflies of Africa",{"label":404,"path":405,"description":406},"Kenya","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkeniya","Butterflies of Kenya — East African diversity",{"label":408,"path":409,"description":410},"Tanzania","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Ftanzaniya","Butterflies of Tanzania",{"label":412,"path":413,"description":414},"South Africa","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fyuzhnaya-afrika","Butterflies of South Africa",{"title":416,"description":417},"Butterflies of Ethiopia — 700 Species, Highlands, Afromontane Endemics","Ethiopia butterfly atlas: 650–700 species across highland plateaux, Rift Valley, and lowland forests. Bale Mountains, Simien Mountains, Afromontane endemics, Harenna Forest.",{"loc":395},"atlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fetiopia","WQyO95y3gzh1q08Y8asjwF_fIDzXC-L0dpznVxf9NYM",[],[],[424,426,428,430],{"label":400,"path":401,"description":402,"coverImage":425,"latinName":393},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika.png",{"label":404,"path":405,"description":406,"coverImage":427,"latinName":393},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkeniya.png",{"label":408,"path":409,"description":410,"coverImage":429,"latinName":393},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Ftanzaniya.png",{"label":412,"path":413,"description":414,"coverImage":431,"latinName":393},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fyuzhnaya-afrika.png",[433,439,440,444,449,454,460,462,464],{"title":434,"description":435,"path":436,"coverImage":437,"publishedAt":438,"order":393},"Butterflies of Cameroon","Cameroon — Africa in miniature: mangroves, Sahel scrub, Congo rainforest. Around 900-1,000 species at the junction of West and Central Africa.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkamerun","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkamerun.png","19.07.2026",{"title":5,"description":378,"path":395,"coverImage":377,"publishedAt":396,"order":393},{"title":441,"description":442,"path":405,"coverImage":427,"publishedAt":443,"order":393},"Butterflies of Kenya","Kenya is an African leader in butterfly tourism. More than 800 day-flying species in savannas, mountain forests, and coastal mangroves.","28.05.2026",{"title":445,"description":446,"path":447,"coverImage":448,"publishedAt":443,"order":393},"Butterflies of Madagascar","Madagascar is an island of endemics with a unique butterfly fauna. About 300 day-flying species, most found nowhere else in the world.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmadagaskar","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmadagaskar.png",{"title":450,"description":451,"path":452,"coverImage":453,"publishedAt":443,"order":393},"Butterflies of Morocco","Morocco is the gateway to Africa for European entomologists, with about 200 species: Atlas mountain species, Mediterranean migrants, and Saharan specialists.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmarokko","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmarokko.png",{"title":455,"description":456,"path":457,"coverImage":458,"publishedAt":459,"order":393},"Butterflies of Nigeria","Nigeria is home to about 1,000 butterfly species, including the African Giant Swallowtail — Africa's largest. Cross River rainforest is a key hotspot.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fnigeriya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fnigeriya.png","17.07.2026",{"title":414,"description":461,"path":413,"coverImage":431,"publishedAt":443,"order":393},"South Africa is Africa's most studied country in entomology. More than 660 day-flying species and a unique fauna of the Cape Floristic Region.",{"title":410,"description":463,"path":409,"coverImage":429,"publishedAt":443,"order":393},"Tanzania — land of Kilimanjaro and tropical forests. More than 750 day-flying species in mountains, savannas, and coastal forests of Zanzibar.",{"title":465,"description":466,"path":467,"coverImage":468,"publishedAt":469,"order":393},"Butterflies of Uganda","Uganda records around 1,200 butterfly species — one of Africa's highest densities, home to species found nowhere else, including the world's largest.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fuganda","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fuganda.png","16.08.2026",[471,477,482,487,490,496,502,508],{"title":472,"description":473,"path":474,"coverImage":475,"publishedAt":476,"order":397},"Russia","Guide to butterflies of Russia: from tundra to Caucasus subtropics — more than 300 species of day-flying butterflies in the world's largest country.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya.png","01.05.2026",{"title":478,"description":479,"path":480,"coverImage":481,"publishedAt":476,"order":362},"Europe","Butterflies of Europe: about 500 day-flying species, from the Mediterranean to the Arctic. Alps, Mediterranean, islands — the continent's richest regions.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa.png",{"title":483,"description":484,"path":485,"coverImage":486,"publishedAt":476,"order":368},"Asia","Butterflies of Asia: from the Arctic tundra of Siberia to the tropics of Southeast Asia. The largest continent with 5,000+ species of day-flying butterflies.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya.png",{"title":400,"description":488,"path":401,"coverImage":425,"publishedAt":476,"order":489},"Butterflies of Africa: about 3,500 day-flying species, from the Sahara to the Congo rainforests. Madagascar, East African Rift, Cape — the richest regions.",4,{"title":491,"description":492,"path":493,"coverImage":494,"publishedAt":476,"order":495},"North America","Butterflies of North America: about 800 day-flying species, monarch, swallowtails, blues. USA, Canada, Mexico — different climate zones with unique faunas.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika.png",5,{"title":497,"description":498,"path":499,"coverImage":500,"publishedAt":476,"order":501},"South America","Butterflies of South America: more than 3,500 day-flying species, Amazon, Andes. Morphos, heliconiids, ithomiids, birdwings — the richest region in the world.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika.png",6,{"title":503,"description":504,"path":505,"coverImage":506,"publishedAt":476,"order":507},"Australia and Oceania","Butterflies of Australia and Oceania: about 400 species in Australia, Papua birdwings, unique Pacific islands. Isolated fauna with high endemism.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya.png",7,{"title":509,"description":510,"path":511,"coverImage":512,"publishedAt":476,"order":513},"Distribution maps","How to read butterfly range maps: what they show, what shapes distribution boundaries, data sources, and how to use atlas maps.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fkarty-rasprostraneniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fkarty-rasprostraneniya.png",8,[515,520,526,532,537,543,544,549,554,559,564,569,574,580,581,586,591,596,602,607,612,617,622,627,632,637,638,643,648,649,655,660,661,666,672,678,684,685,691,696,701,707,712,717,722,727,732,733,738,744,749,754,760,761,766,771,772,778,784,789,794,799,804,808,809,810,811,812,813,814,815],{"title":516,"description":517,"path":518,"coverImage":519,"publishedAt":476,"order":393},"Butterflies of Altai Krai and the Altai Republic","Butterflies of the Altai: mountain species, Apollo, mnemosyne, more than 150 species in steppes and alpine meadows. Best routes for observation.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Faltayskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Faltayskiy-kray.png",{"title":521,"description":522,"path":523,"coverImage":524,"publishedAt":525,"order":393},"Butterflies of Argentina","Argentina has about 1,400 butterfly species across varied landscapes: subtropical Misiones, Andean Yungas cloud forests, Gran Chaco, and cold Patagonia.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fargentina","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fargentina.png","30.06.2026",{"title":527,"description":528,"path":529,"coverImage":530,"publishedAt":531,"order":393},"Butterflies of Australia","Australia has about 420 butterfly species — modest globally but with high endemism. Queensland's tropical rainforests hold most of the diversity.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Favstraliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Favstraliya.png","07.07.2026",{"title":533,"description":534,"path":535,"coverImage":536,"publishedAt":476,"order":393},"Butterflies of Austria","Austria is an Alpine country with exceptionally rich mountain butterfly fauna: more than 200 species, including unique alpine species and endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Favstriya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Favstriya.png",{"title":538,"description":539,"path":540,"coverImage":541,"publishedAt":542,"order":393},"Butterflies of Brazil","Brazil is the world leader in butterfly diversity: more than 3,500 species across Amazonia, the Cerrado, and the Atlantic Forest, with thousands of endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fbraziliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fbraziliya.jpg","14.06.2026",{"title":434,"description":435,"path":436,"coverImage":437,"publishedAt":438,"order":393},{"title":545,"description":546,"path":547,"coverImage":548,"publishedAt":443,"order":393},"Butterflies of Canada","Canada is a country of boreal forests and arctic tundra. About 300 day-flying butterfly species, including unique arctic and subarctic species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkanada","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkanada.png",{"title":550,"description":551,"path":552,"coverImage":553,"publishedAt":476,"order":393},"Butterflies of China","China is the world leader in butterfly species: more than 2,000 species. Yunnan Province is one of the world's richest entomological regions.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkitay","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkitay.png",{"title":555,"description":556,"path":557,"coverImage":558,"publishedAt":542,"order":393},"Butterflies of Colombia","Colombia ranks third in the world for butterfly diversity: about 3,400 species, spanning Amazonia, the Andes, and a Caribbean coast on two oceans.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fkolombiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fkolombiya.jpg",{"title":560,"description":561,"path":562,"coverImage":563,"publishedAt":443,"order":393},"Butterflies of Costa Rica","Costa Rica is a world leader in butterfly species density. More than 1,500 species in a country smaller than Moscow Oblast.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkosta-rika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkosta-rika.png",{"title":565,"description":566,"path":567,"coverImage":568,"publishedAt":476,"order":393},"Butterflies of Crimea","Butterflies of the Crimean Peninsula: Mediterranean species, southern festoon, more than 130 day-flying butterflies on mountain yaylas and in steppes.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-krym","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-krym.png",{"title":570,"description":571,"path":572,"coverImage":573,"publishedAt":443,"order":393},"Butterflies of Cuba","Cuba is the largest Caribbean island with unique endemic butterfly fauna. About 200 day-flying species, many found nowhere else in the world.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkuba","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkuba.png",{"title":575,"description":576,"path":577,"coverImage":578,"publishedAt":579,"order":393},"Butterflies of Ecuador","Ecuador has the highest butterfly species density in the world: about 4,500 species in a country smaller than Germany, spanning Amazon and Andean forests.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fekvador","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fekvador.png","02.07.2026",{"title":5,"description":378,"path":395,"coverImage":377,"publishedAt":396,"order":393},{"title":582,"description":583,"path":584,"coverImage":585,"publishedAt":476,"order":393},"Butterflies of Finland","About 120 species of day-flying butterflies live in Finland, rich in bog and forest species, with migrants from Central Europe on the southern coast.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffinlyandiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffinlyandiya.png",{"title":587,"description":588,"path":589,"coverImage":590,"publishedAt":476,"order":393},"Butterflies of France","France has the richest day-flying butterfly diversity in Western Europe — more than 250 species. From Pyrenean alpine meadows to Mediterranean maquis.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffranciya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffranciya.png",{"title":592,"description":593,"path":594,"coverImage":595,"publishedAt":476,"order":393},"Butterflies of Germany","Germany is one of Europe's most studied regions in entomology. About 3,700 Lepidoptera species, including more than 180 day-flying butterfly species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgermaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgermaniya.png",{"title":597,"description":598,"path":599,"coverImage":600,"publishedAt":601,"order":393},"Butterflies of Greece","Greece records around 230 species of day-flying butterflies — one of Europe's richest faunas, where warmth meets limestone mountains and eastern elements.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgreciya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgreciya.png","02.08.2026",{"title":603,"description":604,"path":605,"coverImage":606,"publishedAt":476,"order":393},"Butterflies of India","India ranks second in the world for butterfly species: about 1,500 day-flying species. The Western Ghats and Himalayas are global biodiversity hotspots.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findiya.png",{"title":608,"description":609,"path":610,"coverImage":611,"publishedAt":476,"order":393},"Butterflies of Indonesia","Indonesia is a world leader in birdwing species and one of the richest regions for butterfly fauna, with Borneo, Sulawesi, and New Guinea endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findoneziya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findoneziya.png",{"title":613,"description":614,"path":615,"coverImage":616,"publishedAt":476,"order":393},"Butterflies of Irkutsk Oblast (Lake Baikal)","Butterflies of Lake Baikal and Irkutsk Oblast: Siberian species and mountain butterflies of Khamar-Daban, more than 100 species on the sacred lake's shores.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Firkutskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Firkutskaya-oblast.png",{"title":618,"description":619,"path":620,"coverImage":621,"publishedAt":476,"order":393},"Butterflies of Italy","Italy has exceptionally rich butterfly fauna: more than 280 day-flying species. Alps, Apennines, Sicily, and Sardinia create enormous biotope diversity.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fitaliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fitaliya.png",{"title":623,"description":624,"path":625,"coverImage":626,"publishedAt":476,"order":393},"Butterflies of Japan","Japan has exceptionally rich butterfly fauna: more than 240 day-flying species, with island-arc endemics, seasonal migrants, and unique mountain species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fyaponiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fyaponiya.png",{"title":628,"description":629,"path":630,"coverImage":631,"publishedAt":476,"order":393},"Butterflies of Kaliningrad Oblast","Butterflies of Kaliningrad Oblast: West European species on the amber coast, about 90 day-flying species, wet meadows and dunes of the Curonian Spit.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkaliningradskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkaliningradskaya-oblast.png",{"title":633,"description":634,"path":635,"coverImage":636,"publishedAt":476,"order":393},"Butterflies of Kazakhstan","Kazakhstan is the largest country in Central Asia, with about 400 butterfly species across the Tian Shan and Altai mountains, steppes, and deserts.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkazakstan","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkazakstan.png",{"title":441,"description":442,"path":405,"coverImage":427,"publishedAt":443,"order":393},{"title":639,"description":640,"path":641,"coverImage":642,"publishedAt":476,"order":393},"Butterflies of Krasnodar Krai","Butterflies of Krasnodar Krai and the Black Sea coast: more than 180 species, Caucasian and subtropical species, best observation sites.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkrasnodarskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkrasnodarskiy-kray.png",{"title":644,"description":645,"path":646,"coverImage":647,"publishedAt":476,"order":393},"Butterflies of Leningrad Oblast","Butterflies of Leningrad Oblast and Saint Petersburg: about 80 species in taiga forests, bogs, and meadows. Species, seasons, and observation sites.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fleningradskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fleningradskaya-oblast.png",{"title":445,"description":446,"path":447,"coverImage":448,"publishedAt":443,"order":393},{"title":650,"description":651,"path":652,"coverImage":653,"publishedAt":654,"order":393},"Butterflies of Malaysia","Malaysia harbours around 1,300 butterfly species across Peninsular Malaysia and Bornean Sabah and Sarawak. Rajah Brooke's Birdwing is the national butterfly.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmalajziya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmalajziya.png","13.07.2026",{"title":656,"description":657,"path":658,"coverImage":659,"publishedAt":443,"order":393},"Butterflies of Mexico","Mexico has one of the world's richest butterfly diversities: more than 2,000 species, monarch wintering grounds, and neotropical jungles of the Yucatán.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fmeksika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fmeksika.png",{"title":450,"description":451,"path":452,"coverImage":453,"publishedAt":443,"order":393},{"title":662,"description":663,"path":664,"coverImage":665,"publishedAt":476,"order":393},"Butterflies of Moscow Oblast","Butterfly species of Moscow Oblast: more than 120 day-flying species in forests, meadows, and river valleys. Best observation sites and flight seasons.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fmoskovskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fmoskovskaya-oblast.png",{"title":667,"description":668,"path":669,"coverImage":670,"publishedAt":671,"order":393},"Butterflies of Myanmar","Myanmar lies at the crossroads of the Indo-Malayan and Indo-Chinese faunal zones, with an estimated 900–1,000 butterfly species — one of Asia's richest.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmjanmar","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmjanmar.png","14.08.2026",{"title":673,"description":674,"path":675,"coverImage":676,"publishedAt":677,"order":393},"Butterflies of Nepal","Nepal compresses an 8,700-metre altitudinal range into a narrow strip — from Terai plains to the highest peaks — producing around 650 butterfly species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fnepalj","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fnepalj.png","25.07.2026",{"title":679,"description":680,"path":681,"coverImage":682,"publishedAt":683,"order":393},"Butterflies of New Zealand","New Zealand has only about 20 native butterfly species — one of the smallest faunas — but endemism is high, with several found nowhere else.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fnovaya-zelandiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fnovaya-zelandiya.png","11.07.2026",{"title":455,"description":456,"path":457,"coverImage":458,"publishedAt":459,"order":393},{"title":686,"description":687,"path":688,"coverImage":689,"publishedAt":690,"order":393},"Butterflies of Norway","Around 85 butterfly species are recorded in Norway, whose latitudinal range spans mild coasts and harsh Arctic fell, supporting boreal and Arctic specialists.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fnorvegiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fnorvegiya.png","29.07.2026",{"title":692,"description":693,"path":694,"coverImage":695,"publishedAt":476,"order":393},"Butterflies of Novosibirsk Oblast (Western Siberia)","Butterflies of Novosibirsk Oblast: West Siberian species, more than 80 day-flying butterflies in forest-steppe and birch groves.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fnovosibirskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fnovosibirskaya-oblast.png",{"title":697,"description":698,"path":699,"coverImage":700,"publishedAt":443,"order":393},"Butterflies of Panama","Panama is the isthmus between two Americas, a biological corridor for thousands of species, with more than 1,200 species on migration and speciation routes.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fpanama","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fpanama.png",{"title":702,"description":703,"path":704,"coverImage":705,"publishedAt":706,"order":393},"Butterflies of Papua New Guinea","Papua New Guinea is home to over 800 butterfly species, including the Queen Alexandra's Birdwing, the world's largest butterfly with a 280mm wingspan.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fpapua-novaya-gvineya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fpapua-novaya-gvineya.png","09.07.2026",{"title":708,"description":709,"path":710,"coverImage":711,"publishedAt":542,"order":393},"Butterflies of Peru","Peru ranks second in the world for butterfly diversity: more than 3,500 species, across the Amazon basin, the Andes, and the Pacific coast.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fperu","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fperu.jpg",{"title":713,"description":714,"path":715,"coverImage":716,"publishedAt":476,"order":393},"Butterflies of Poland","Poland lies at the junction of Western and Eastern European faunas, with about 160 species, including apollo, clouded apollo, and marsh fritillary.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fpolsha","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fpolsha.png",{"title":718,"description":719,"path":720,"coverImage":721,"publishedAt":476,"order":393},"Butterflies of Primorsky Krai","Butterflies of Primorye: unique Far Eastern fauna, Maack’s swallowtail, more than 200 day-flying species in cedar–broadleaf forests.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fprimorskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fprimorskiy-kray.png",{"title":723,"description":724,"path":725,"coverImage":726,"publishedAt":476,"order":393},"Butterflies of Rostov Oblast","Butterflies of Rostov Oblast: steppe species of the Don steppes, more than 100 day-flying butterflies, unique steppe blues and ringlets.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frostovskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frostovskaya-oblast.png",{"title":728,"description":729,"path":730,"coverImage":731,"publishedAt":476,"order":393},"Butterflies of Samara Oblast (Volga region)","Butterflies of Samara Oblast: forest-steppe species of the Volga, Zhiguli Mountains, more than 100 day-flying butterflies on the banks of the Volga.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsamarskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsamarskaya-oblast.png",{"title":414,"description":461,"path":413,"coverImage":431,"publishedAt":443,"order":393},{"title":734,"description":735,"path":736,"coverImage":737,"publishedAt":476,"order":393},"Butterflies of Spain","Spain has the greatest day-flying butterfly diversity in Western Europe: more than 230 species, including Iberian endemics and high-mountain swallowtails.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fispaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fispaniya.png",{"title":739,"description":740,"path":741,"coverImage":742,"publishedAt":743,"order":393},"Butterflies of Sri Lanka","Sri Lanka's compact geography, split between wet southwest and dry northeast, supports around 245 butterfly species, including 25+ endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fshri-lanka","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fshri-lanka.png","23.07.2026",{"title":745,"description":746,"path":747,"coverImage":748,"publishedAt":476,"order":393},"Butterflies of Stavropol Krai","Butterflies of Stavropol Krai: steppe and mountain species of the Pre-Caucasus, more than 140 day-flying butterflies at the foot of the Caucasus.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fstavropolskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fstavropolskiy-kray.png",{"title":750,"description":751,"path":752,"coverImage":753,"publishedAt":476,"order":393},"Butterflies of Sverdlovsk Oblast (Urals)","Butterflies of Sverdlovsk Oblast and the Urals: mountain and taiga species, Apollo and other protected butterflies, observation sites in the Middle Urals.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsverdlovskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsverdlovskaya-oblast.png",{"title":755,"description":756,"path":757,"coverImage":758,"publishedAt":759,"order":393},"Butterflies of Sweden","Sweden records around 120 butterfly species. Its long north–south extent spans Central European fauna in the south to true Arctic specialists in Lapland.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fshveciya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fshveciya.png","08.08.2026",{"title":410,"description":463,"path":409,"coverImage":429,"publishedAt":443,"order":393},{"title":762,"description":763,"path":764,"coverImage":765,"publishedAt":476,"order":393},"Butterflies of Thailand","Thailand is a tropical country with more than 1,200 butterfly species. Doi Inthanon and Khao Yai are among the best observation sites in Southeast Asia.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Ftailand","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Ftailand.png",{"title":767,"description":768,"path":769,"coverImage":770,"publishedAt":476,"order":393},"Butterflies of Turkey","Turkey lies at the junction of Europe and Asia with rich fauna: more than 450 butterfly species. The Taurus Mountains are a unique center of endemism.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fturtsiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fturtsiya.png",{"title":465,"description":466,"path":467,"coverImage":468,"publishedAt":469,"order":393},{"title":773,"description":774,"path":775,"coverImage":776,"publishedAt":777,"order":393},"Butterflies of Venezuela","Venezuela is home to about 1,500 butterfly species and world-famous for its tepuis — ancient sandstone table mountains with high levels of butterfly endemism.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fvenecuela","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fvenecuela.png","04.07.2026",{"title":779,"description":780,"path":781,"coverImage":782,"publishedAt":783,"order":393},"Butterflies of Vietnam","Vietnam is home to around 1,500 butterfly species. Its narrow S-shape spans subtropical north to equatorial south, producing exceptional habitat diversity.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fvetnam","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fvetnam.png","15.07.2026",{"title":785,"description":786,"path":787,"coverImage":788,"publishedAt":476,"order":393},"Butterflies of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Southern Urals)","Butterflies of Bashkortostan: mountain and steppe species of the Southern Urals, Apollo, more than 120 species in mountains and mixed-grass steppes.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-bashkortostan","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-bashkortostan.png",{"title":790,"description":791,"path":792,"coverImage":793,"publishedAt":476,"order":393},"Butterflies of the Republic of Karelia","Butterflies of Karelia: northern taiga species, bog butterflies, about 60 day-flying species on lake shores and in pine forests.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-kareliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-kareliya.png",{"title":795,"description":796,"path":797,"coverImage":798,"publishedAt":476,"order":393},"Butterflies of the United Kingdom","About 60 species of day-flying butterflies live in the United Kingdom — few in number, but several unique to island fauna, with a strong watching culture.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fvelikobritaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fvelikobritaniya.png",{"title":800,"description":801,"path":802,"coverImage":803,"publishedAt":443,"order":393},"Butterflies of the United States","The United States is one of the world's most studied regions for butterfly biodiversity, with more than 700 species from Alaska's tundra to Florida's swamps.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fssha","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fssha.png",{"title":805,"description":806,"path":807,"coverImage":393,"publishedAt":476,"order":393},"World Butterfly Atlas","Geographic butterfly atlas: species diversity by continent and region — from Arctic tundra to tropical forests, with ranges and flight seasons.","\u002Fatlas",{"title":472,"description":473,"path":474,"coverImage":475,"publishedAt":476,"order":397},{"title":478,"description":479,"path":480,"coverImage":481,"publishedAt":476,"order":362},{"title":483,"description":484,"path":485,"coverImage":486,"publishedAt":476,"order":368},{"title":400,"description":488,"path":401,"coverImage":425,"publishedAt":476,"order":489},{"title":491,"description":492,"path":493,"coverImage":494,"publishedAt":476,"order":495},{"title":497,"description":498,"path":499,"coverImage":500,"publishedAt":476,"order":501},{"title":503,"description":504,"path":505,"coverImage":506,"publishedAt":476,"order":507},{"title":509,"description":510,"path":511,"coverImage":512,"publishedAt":476,"order":513},1787125891414]