[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":744},["ShallowReactive",2],{"atlas_en:\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fdr-kongo":3,"alt-locale:atlas_en:\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fdr-kongo":280,"related-covers:en:":308,"section-listing:disabled":309,"related-covers:en:\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika|\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fuganda|\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkamerun|\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Ftanzaniya":310,"section-listing:atlas_en:\u002Fatlas":319,"section-listing:atlas_en:\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika":364,"section-collection:atlas_en":416},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"coverImage":265,"description":266,"extension":267,"faq":268,"imagePrompt":278,"meta":279,"navigation":280,"order":281,"pageType":282,"path":283,"publishedAt":284,"readingMinutes":248,"region":281,"relatedLinks":285,"seo":302,"sitemap":305,"stem":306,"updatedAt":281,"__hash__":307},"atlas_en\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fdr-kongo.md","Butterflies of the Democratic Republic of Congo",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":246},"minimark",[9,14,23,30,34,37,70,73,77,82,93,119,122,126,143,147,150,170,174,177,181,185,192,196,199,203,225,229,236,239],[10,11,13],"h2",{"id":12},"overview","Overview",[15,16,17,18,22],"p",{},"The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is the largest country in sub-Saharan Africa and one of the most biologically extraordinary places on Earth. Its territory of 2.3 million km² is dominated by the ",[19,20,21],"strong",{},"Congo Basin"," — the world's second-largest tropical rainforest, covering approximately 60% of the country with a continuous canopy interrupted only by the Congo River and its vast network of tributaries.",[15,24,25,26,29],{},"For butterflies, the DRC represents what may be the ",[19,27,28],{},"single richest territory on the planet",". Estimates of species richness exceed 5,000 — a number that exceeds the entire Palearctic fauna and rivals the most biodiverse areas of Amazonia. Much of this diversity remains undescribed or poorly documented; new species continue to be recognised from historical museum collections made in the colonial period and from the rare modern surveys that reach interior areas.",[10,31,33],{"id":32},"the-congo-basin-structure-and-diversity","The Congo Basin — structure and diversity",[15,35,36],{},"The Congo Basin is not a uniform block of rainforest. It is a mosaic of:",[38,39,40,47,58,64],"ul",{},[41,42,43,46],"li",{},[19,44,45],{},"Lowland rainforest",": the dominant cover, with a closed canopy at 30–40 m and dense understorey",[41,48,49,52,53,57],{},[19,50,51],{},"Flooded forest"," (",[54,55,56],"em",{},"igapó"," equivalent): seasonally or permanently flooded areas along river margins with a specialised aquatic-margin butterfly community",[41,59,60,63],{},[19,61,62],{},"Forest-savanna mosaic",": extensive in the south and east, where forest gives way to the Miombo woodland of the Katanga plateau",[41,65,66,69],{},[19,67,68],{},"Afromontane forest",": in the east, along the Albertine Rift escarpment, where altitude modifies the lowland fauna dramatically",[15,71,72],{},"Each of these habitat types has a distinct butterfly community, and their juxtaposition across millions of square kilometres produces diversity that accumulates rather than replaces.",[10,74,76],{"id":75},"key-taxa","Key taxa",[78,79,81],"h3",{"id":80},"charaxes-the-jewels-of-the-congo","Charaxes — the jewels of the Congo",[15,83,84,85,88,89,92],{},"The genus ",[54,86,87],{},"Charaxes"," (brush-footed nymphalids, subfamily Charaxinae) reaches its global maximum diversity in the Congo Basin and adjacent regions. Over ",[19,90,91],{},"200 of the world's approximately 190–200 described Charaxes species"," occur in the DRC — the global figures are themselves driven by Congolese diversity. These large, fast-flying butterflies are among the most spectacular in Africa:",[38,94,95,101,107,113],{},[41,96,97,100],{},[19,98,99],{},"Charaxes castor"," (giant charaxes) — one of the largest African butterflies, wingspan to 110 mm",[41,102,103,106],{},[19,104,105],{},"Charaxes zoolina"," and relatives — complex of forest species with brilliant underwing patterns",[41,108,109,112],{},[19,110,111],{},"Charaxes candiope"," — green-backed charaxes of forest margins",[41,114,115,118],{},[19,116,117],{},"Charaxes protoclea"," — vivid red-and-black species of western Congo",[15,120,121],{},"Many Congolese Charaxes are known from only a handful of specimens collected before 1960 and have not been relocated since.",[78,123,125],{"id":124},"cymothoe-the-bleeding-gliders","Cymothoe — the \"bleeding gliders\"",[15,127,128,131,132,134,135,138,139,142],{},[54,129,130],{},"Cymothoe"," is a genus of medium-sized forest nymphalids, predominantly red, orange, or white in the males, with cryptically patterned females. The DRC holds approximately 50–55 of the world's ~80 ",[54,133,130],{}," species — many endemic to the Congo Basin or to specific forest blocks within it. The brilliant scarlet-red males of species like ",[54,136,137],{},"C. sangaris"," (blood-red glider) and ",[54,140,141],{},"C. coccinata"," are among the most vivid butterflies in Africa.",[78,144,146],{"id":145},"papilionidae-swallowtails-and-birdwings","Papilionidae — swallowtails and birdwings",[15,148,149],{},"The DRC's swallowtail fauna includes:",[38,151,152,158,164],{},[41,153,154,157],{},[19,155,156],{},"Papilio antimachus"," (African giant swallowtail) — wingspan 230–250 mm, the largest butterfly in Africa; core range in the Congo Basin lowlands",[41,159,160,163],{},[19,161,162],{},"Papilio zalmoxis"," (giant blue swallowtail) — enormous pale blue-grey swallowtail of lowland forest canopy; one of the world's most impressive Papilio",[41,165,166,169],{},[19,167,168],{},"Graphium species"," — multiple kite swallowtails of forest rides",[78,171,173],{"id":172},"satyrinae-and-acraeinae","Satyrinae and Acraeinae",[15,175,176],{},"The Congo Basin holds an endemic radiation of forest satyrs and acraeid nymphalids, many known only from the type locality and with biology almost entirely undocumented.",[10,178,180],{"id":179},"regional-highlights","Regional highlights",[78,182,184],{"id":183},"yangambi-and-the-central-congo","Yangambi and the central Congo",[15,186,187,188,191],{},"The Yangambi Biosphere Reserve, on the Congo River east of Kisangani, was the site of intensive systematic collection from the 1930s to 1950s and remains the best-documented locality for Congo Basin butterflies. Its species lists — compiled by Belgian entomologists at the ",[54,189,190],{},"Institut National pour l'Étude Agronomique du Congo"," (INEAC) — provide the foundational knowledge of equatorial Congo butterfly diversity.",[78,193,195],{"id":194},"the-albertine-rift-eastern-drc","The Albertine Rift (eastern DRC)",[15,197,198],{},"The eastern border zone — Virunga, Kahuzi-Biega, and Maiko National Parks — adds the complete Albertine Rift montane fauna to the lowland Congo community. This is also the most biogeographically complex zone, where lowland Congo species, Albertine Rift endemics, and East African elements all overlap.",[78,200,202],{"id":201},"katanga-plateau-southern-drc","Katanga plateau (southern DRC)",[15,204,205,206,209,210,213,214,217,218,52,221,224],{},"The Miombo woodland plateau of Katanga has a drier, more open-country fauna distinct from the rainforest: ",[54,207,208],{},"Colotis"," and ",[54,211,212],{},"Teracolus"," orange-tips, ",[54,215,216],{},"Acraea"," fritillaries adapted to dry grassland, and the spectacular ",[19,219,220],{},"wanderer",[54,222,223],{},"Pareronia tritaea",") migrating across the savanna in season.",[10,226,228],{"id":227},"conservation-and-access","Conservation and access",[15,230,231,232,235],{},"The DRC faces severe pressure on its forest resources: ",[19,233,234],{},"artisanal charcoal production"," is the principal driver of deforestation near major cities, while commercial logging concessions, agricultural expansion (particularly palm oil in the northwest), and artisanal gold and coltan mining in the east all reduce and fragment forest. Political instability in the east has prevented systematic conservation monitoring for decades.",[15,237,238],{},"The national park network — including Virunga (the oldest national park in Africa, founded 1925), Salonga (the largest tropical forest protected area in Africa), Garamba, and Kahuzi-Biega — is World Heritage-listed but severely under-resourced. Despite ongoing challenges, Virunga's ranger force has maintained a degree of protection in the most contested area of the continent.",[15,240,241,242,245],{},"For lepidoptery, the DRC remains ",[19,243,244],{},"one of the great frontiers"," — a country where any systematic survey of a previously unvisited area can be expected to produce new species records and almost certainly new species descriptions.",{"title":247,"searchDepth":248,"depth":248,"links":249},"",2,[250,251,252,259,264],{"id":12,"depth":248,"text":13},{"id":32,"depth":248,"text":33},{"id":75,"depth":248,"text":76,"children":253},[254,256,257,258],{"id":80,"depth":255,"text":81},3,{"id":124,"depth":255,"text":125},{"id":145,"depth":255,"text":146},{"id":172,"depth":255,"text":173},{"id":179,"depth":248,"text":180,"children":260},[261,262,263],{"id":183,"depth":255,"text":184},{"id":194,"depth":255,"text":195},{"id":201,"depth":255,"text":202},{"id":227,"depth":248,"text":228},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fdr-kongo.png","DR Congo may be Earth's most butterfly-rich country: 5,000+ species in the Congo Basin rainforest, with unique Charaxes, Cymothoe, and swallowtails.","md",[269,272,275],{"q":270,"a":271},"How many butterfly species are found in the DRC?","The Democratic Republic of Congo is estimated to harbour over 5,000 species of day-flying butterflies — a figure that would make it the richest country on Earth for Rhopalocera, surpassing even Brazil and Colombia. However, large parts of the country remain essentially unsampled by lepidopterists, and this total is an extrapolation from sampled areas rather than a confirmed count. The systematic surveys conducted by Belgian entomologists in the colonial period (primarily 1890–1960) documented enormous diversity but were concentrated in accessible areas near the Congo River and major settlements. Interior regions — particularly the Maiko and Salonga forest blocks and the far northeast — remain among the least-studied butterfly territories in the world.",{"q":273,"a":274},"What makes the Congo Basin so exceptionally rich in butterflies?","The Congo Basin hosts the world's second-largest continuous tropical rainforest, covering approximately 2 million km² of relatively stable equatorial climate. Unlike the Amazon, the Congo Basin was not dramatically fragmented during Pleistocene dry periods — the central depression remained forested as refugia along the Congo River and its major tributaries maintained moist conditions. This stability over millions of years allowed species to accumulate without the mass extinctions that dry periods imposed elsewhere. The result is an exceptionally deep fauna: the DRC alone holds over 200 species of Charaxes (nearly the entire global total of this genus), over 50 species of the brilliant Cymothoe nymphalids, and more Papilionidae than any other African country.",{"q":276,"a":277},"Is it possible for butterfly enthusiasts to visit the DRC?","Visiting the DRC for butterfly watching is possible but demands careful preparation and realistic expectations. The country has a complex security situation, with conflict ongoing in parts of the east (North Kivu, South Kivu, Ituri). However, several areas are relatively stable and accessible: the area around Kinshasa in the west, the Kongo Central province, the Yangambi reserve near Kisangani (the classic collecting site of historical surveys), and, for the committed specialist, Virunga National Park in the east (with appropriate safety assessment). Travel requires thorough visa preparation, yellow fever vaccination, malaria prophylaxis, and liaison with experienced local guides. Tour operators specialising in DRC natural history expeditions exist but are few. The reward for those who manage logistics is butterfly watching of an intensity available almost nowhere else on Earth.","Photorealistic nature photo, Papilio antimachus African giant swallowtail butterfly with enormous orange and black wings in flight over Congo Basin rainforest canopy, dense equatorial forest stretching to horizon, dramatic tropical light, 16:9",{},true,null,"atlas","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fdr-kongo","08.09.2026",[286,290,294,298],{"label":287,"path":288,"description":289},"Africa","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika","Overview of butterflies of Africa",{"label":291,"path":292,"description":293},"Uganda","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fuganda","Butterflies of Uganda — Albertine Rift biodiversity hotspot",{"label":295,"path":296,"description":297},"Cameroon","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkamerun","Butterflies of Cameroon — Afromontane forest",{"label":299,"path":300,"description":301},"Tanzania","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Ftanzaniya","Butterflies of Tanzania — East African diversity",{"title":303,"description":304},"Butterflies of the DRC — 5,000+ Species, Congo Basin, Charaxes, Cymothoe","Democratic Republic of Congo butterfly atlas: world's richest butterfly fauna, Congo Basin rainforest, 200+ Charaxes species, Papilio antimachus, Cymothoe. Habitats, regions, and research history.",{"loc":283},"atlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fdr-kongo","7uJxnTfbvwdgvneQn1KFqqQ-QaJnFwsAXuFXa_AtTME",[],[],[311,313,315,317],{"label":287,"path":288,"description":289,"coverImage":312,"latinName":281},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika.png",{"label":291,"path":292,"description":293,"coverImage":314,"latinName":281},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fuganda.png",{"label":295,"path":296,"description":297,"coverImage":316,"latinName":281},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkamerun.png",{"label":299,"path":300,"description":301,"coverImage":318,"latinName":281},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Ftanzaniya.png",[320,327,332,337,340,346,352,358],{"title":321,"description":322,"path":323,"coverImage":324,"publishedAt":325,"order":326},"Russia","Guide to butterflies of Russia: from tundra to Caucasus subtropics — more than 300 species of day-flying butterflies in the world's largest country.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya.png","01.05.2026",1,{"title":328,"description":329,"path":330,"coverImage":331,"publishedAt":325,"order":248},"Europe","Butterflies of Europe: about 500 day-flying species, from the Mediterranean to the Arctic. Alps, Mediterranean, islands — the continent's richest regions.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa.png",{"title":333,"description":334,"path":335,"coverImage":336,"publishedAt":325,"order":255},"Asia","Butterflies of Asia: from the Arctic tundra of Siberia to the tropics of Southeast Asia. The largest continent with 5,000+ species of day-flying butterflies.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya.png",{"title":287,"description":338,"path":288,"coverImage":312,"publishedAt":325,"order":339},"Butterflies of Africa: about 3,500 day-flying species, from the Sahara to the Congo rainforests. Madagascar, East African Rift, Cape — the richest regions.",4,{"title":341,"description":342,"path":343,"coverImage":344,"publishedAt":325,"order":345},"North America","Butterflies of North America: about 800 day-flying species, monarch, swallowtails, blues. USA, Canada, Mexico — different climate zones with unique faunas.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika.png",5,{"title":347,"description":348,"path":349,"coverImage":350,"publishedAt":325,"order":351},"South America","Butterflies of South America: more than 3,500 day-flying species, Amazon, Andes. Morphos, heliconiids, ithomiids, birdwings — the richest region in the world.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika.png",6,{"title":353,"description":354,"path":355,"coverImage":356,"publishedAt":325,"order":357},"Australia and Oceania","Butterflies of Australia and Oceania: about 400 species in Australia, Papua birdwings, unique Pacific islands. Isolated fauna with high endemism.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya.png",7,{"title":359,"description":360,"path":361,"coverImage":362,"publishedAt":325,"order":363},"Distribution maps","How to read butterfly range maps: what they show, what shapes distribution boundaries, data sources, and how to use atlas maps.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fkarty-rasprostraneniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fkarty-rasprostraneniya.png",8,[365,369,375,381,386,391,397,402,405,409,415],{"title":366,"description":367,"path":296,"coverImage":316,"publishedAt":368,"order":281},"Butterflies of Cameroon","Cameroon — Africa in miniature: mangroves, Sahel scrub, Congo rainforest. Around 900-1,000 species at the junction of West and Central Africa.","19.07.2026",{"title":370,"description":371,"path":372,"coverImage":373,"publishedAt":374,"order":281},"Butterflies of Ethiopia","Ethiopia's altitudinal range, from the Danakil Depression to the Simien Mountains, supports around 650–700 butterfly species, including Afromontane endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fetiopia","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fetiopia.png","21.07.2026",{"title":376,"description":377,"path":378,"coverImage":379,"publishedAt":380,"order":281},"Butterflies of Kenya","Kenya is an African leader in butterfly tourism. More than 800 day-flying species in savannas, mountain forests, and coastal mangroves.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkeniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkeniya.png","28.05.2026",{"title":382,"description":383,"path":384,"coverImage":385,"publishedAt":380,"order":281},"Butterflies of Madagascar","Madagascar is an island of endemics with a unique butterfly fauna. About 300 day-flying species, most found nowhere else in the world.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmadagaskar","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmadagaskar.png",{"title":387,"description":388,"path":389,"coverImage":390,"publishedAt":380,"order":281},"Butterflies of Morocco","Morocco is the gateway to Africa for European entomologists, with about 200 species: Atlas mountain species, Mediterranean migrants, and Saharan specialists.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmarokko","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmarokko.png",{"title":392,"description":393,"path":394,"coverImage":395,"publishedAt":396,"order":281},"Butterflies of Nigeria","Nigeria is home to about 1,000 butterfly species, including the African Giant Swallowtail — Africa's largest. Cross River rainforest is a key hotspot.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fnigeriya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fnigeriya.png","17.07.2026",{"title":398,"description":399,"path":400,"coverImage":401,"publishedAt":380,"order":281},"Butterflies of South Africa","South Africa is Africa's most studied country in entomology. More than 660 day-flying species and a unique fauna of the Cape Floristic Region.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fyuzhnaya-afrika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fyuzhnaya-afrika.png",{"title":403,"description":404,"path":300,"coverImage":318,"publishedAt":380,"order":281},"Butterflies of Tanzania","Tanzania — land of Kilimanjaro and tropical forests. More than 750 day-flying species in mountains, savannas, and coastal forests of Zanzibar.",{"title":406,"description":407,"path":292,"coverImage":314,"publishedAt":408,"order":281},"Butterflies of Uganda","Uganda records around 1,200 butterfly species — one of Africa's highest densities, home to species found nowhere else, including the world's largest.","16.08.2026",{"title":410,"description":411,"path":412,"coverImage":413,"publishedAt":414,"order":281},"Butterflies of Zambia","Zambia is the heart of the Miombo woodland belt, Africa's most extensive dry tropical forest, with around 750 butterfly species and Afrotropical endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fzambiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fzambiya.png","17.09.2026",{"title":5,"description":266,"path":283,"coverImage":265,"publishedAt":284,"order":281},[417,422,428,434,439,445,451,457,458,463,468,473,478,483,488,494,495,500,505,510,516,521,526,531,536,541,546,551,552,557,562,563,569,574,575,580,586,592,598,599,605,610,615,621,626,631,636,642,647,652,653,658,664,669,674,680,686,687,692,697,698,704,710,711,712,717,722,727,732,736,737,738,739,740,741,742,743],{"title":418,"description":419,"path":420,"coverImage":421,"publishedAt":325,"order":281},"Butterflies of Altai Krai and the Altai Republic","Butterflies of the Altai: mountain species, Apollo, mnemosyne, more than 150 species in steppes and alpine meadows. Best routes for observation.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Faltayskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Faltayskiy-kray.png",{"title":423,"description":424,"path":425,"coverImage":426,"publishedAt":427,"order":281},"Butterflies of Argentina","Argentina has about 1,400 butterfly species across varied landscapes: subtropical Misiones, Andean Yungas cloud forests, Gran Chaco, and cold Patagonia.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fargentina","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fargentina.png","30.06.2026",{"title":429,"description":430,"path":431,"coverImage":432,"publishedAt":433,"order":281},"Butterflies of Australia","Australia has about 420 butterfly species — modest globally but with high endemism. Queensland's tropical rainforests hold most of the diversity.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Favstraliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Favstraliya.png","07.07.2026",{"title":435,"description":436,"path":437,"coverImage":438,"publishedAt":325,"order":281},"Butterflies of Austria","Austria is an Alpine country with exceptionally rich mountain butterfly fauna: more than 200 species, including unique alpine species and endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Favstriya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Favstriya.png",{"title":440,"description":441,"path":442,"coverImage":443,"publishedAt":444,"order":281},"Butterflies of Bolivia","Bolivia records an estimated 3,000–3,500 butterfly species — among the highest totals on Earth. Geography compresses Andean altiplano to Amazon lowlands.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fboliviya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fboliviya.png","24.08.2026",{"title":446,"description":447,"path":448,"coverImage":449,"publishedAt":450,"order":281},"Butterflies of Brazil","Brazil is the world leader in butterfly diversity: more than 3,500 species across Amazonia, the Cerrado, and the Atlantic Forest, with thousands of endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fbraziliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fbraziliya.jpg","14.06.2026",{"title":452,"description":453,"path":454,"coverImage":455,"publishedAt":456,"order":281},"Butterflies of Bulgaria","Bulgaria — one of Europe's finest butterfly destinations, over 220 species. Black Sea coast to Balkan peaks: endemics and mountain specialists.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fbolgariya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fbolgariya.png","26.09.2026",{"title":366,"description":367,"path":296,"coverImage":316,"publishedAt":368,"order":281},{"title":459,"description":460,"path":461,"coverImage":462,"publishedAt":380,"order":281},"Butterflies of Canada","Canada is a country of boreal forests and arctic tundra. About 300 day-flying butterfly species, including unique arctic and subarctic species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkanada","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkanada.png",{"title":464,"description":465,"path":466,"coverImage":467,"publishedAt":325,"order":281},"Butterflies of China","China is the world leader in butterfly species: more than 2,000 species. Yunnan Province is one of the world's richest entomological regions.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkitay","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkitay.png",{"title":469,"description":470,"path":471,"coverImage":472,"publishedAt":450,"order":281},"Butterflies of Colombia","Colombia ranks third in the world for butterfly diversity: about 3,400 species, spanning Amazonia, the Andes, and a Caribbean coast on two oceans.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fkolombiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fkolombiya.jpg",{"title":474,"description":475,"path":476,"coverImage":477,"publishedAt":380,"order":281},"Butterflies of Costa Rica","Costa Rica is a world leader in butterfly species density. More than 1,500 species in a country smaller than Moscow Oblast.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkosta-rika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkosta-rika.png",{"title":479,"description":480,"path":481,"coverImage":482,"publishedAt":325,"order":281},"Butterflies of Crimea","Butterflies of the Crimean Peninsula: Mediterranean species, southern festoon, more than 130 day-flying butterflies on mountain yaylas and in steppes.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-krym","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-krym.png",{"title":484,"description":485,"path":486,"coverImage":487,"publishedAt":380,"order":281},"Butterflies of Cuba","Cuba is the largest Caribbean island with unique endemic butterfly fauna. About 200 day-flying species, many found nowhere else in the world.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkuba","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkuba.png",{"title":489,"description":490,"path":491,"coverImage":492,"publishedAt":493,"order":281},"Butterflies of Ecuador","Ecuador has the highest butterfly species density in the world: about 4,500 species in a country smaller than Germany, spanning Amazon and Andean forests.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fekvador","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fekvador.png","02.07.2026",{"title":370,"description":371,"path":372,"coverImage":373,"publishedAt":374,"order":281},{"title":496,"description":497,"path":498,"coverImage":499,"publishedAt":325,"order":281},"Butterflies of Finland","About 120 species of day-flying butterflies live in Finland, rich in bog and forest species, with migrants from Central Europe on the southern coast.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffinlyandiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffinlyandiya.png",{"title":501,"description":502,"path":503,"coverImage":504,"publishedAt":325,"order":281},"Butterflies of France","France has the richest day-flying butterfly diversity in Western Europe — more than 250 species. From Pyrenean alpine meadows to Mediterranean maquis.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffranciya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffranciya.png",{"title":506,"description":507,"path":508,"coverImage":509,"publishedAt":325,"order":281},"Butterflies of Germany","Germany is one of Europe's most studied regions in entomology. About 3,700 Lepidoptera species, including more than 180 day-flying butterfly species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgermaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgermaniya.png",{"title":511,"description":512,"path":513,"coverImage":514,"publishedAt":515,"order":281},"Butterflies of Greece","Greece records around 230 species of day-flying butterflies — one of Europe's richest faunas, where warmth meets limestone mountains and eastern elements.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgreciya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgreciya.png","02.08.2026",{"title":517,"description":518,"path":519,"coverImage":520,"publishedAt":325,"order":281},"Butterflies of India","India ranks second in the world for butterfly species: about 1,500 day-flying species. The Western Ghats and Himalayas are global biodiversity hotspots.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findiya.png",{"title":522,"description":523,"path":524,"coverImage":525,"publishedAt":325,"order":281},"Butterflies of Indonesia","Indonesia is a world leader in birdwing species and one of the richest regions for butterfly fauna, with Borneo, Sulawesi, and New Guinea endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findoneziya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findoneziya.png",{"title":527,"description":528,"path":529,"coverImage":530,"publishedAt":325,"order":281},"Butterflies of Irkutsk Oblast (Lake Baikal)","Butterflies of Lake Baikal and Irkutsk Oblast: Siberian species and mountain butterflies of Khamar-Daban, more than 100 species on the sacred lake's shores.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Firkutskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Firkutskaya-oblast.png",{"title":532,"description":533,"path":534,"coverImage":535,"publishedAt":325,"order":281},"Butterflies of Italy","Italy has exceptionally rich butterfly fauna: more than 280 day-flying species. Alps, Apennines, Sicily, and Sardinia create enormous biotope diversity.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fitaliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fitaliya.png",{"title":537,"description":538,"path":539,"coverImage":540,"publishedAt":325,"order":281},"Butterflies of Japan","Japan has exceptionally rich butterfly fauna: more than 240 day-flying species, with island-arc endemics, seasonal migrants, and unique mountain species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fyaponiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fyaponiya.png",{"title":542,"description":543,"path":544,"coverImage":545,"publishedAt":325,"order":281},"Butterflies of Kaliningrad Oblast","Butterflies of Kaliningrad Oblast: West European species on the amber coast, about 90 day-flying species, wet meadows and dunes of the Curonian Spit.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkaliningradskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkaliningradskaya-oblast.png",{"title":547,"description":548,"path":549,"coverImage":550,"publishedAt":325,"order":281},"Butterflies of Kazakhstan","Kazakhstan is the largest country in Central Asia, with about 400 butterfly species across the Tian Shan and Altai mountains, steppes, and deserts.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkazakstan","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkazakstan.png",{"title":376,"description":377,"path":378,"coverImage":379,"publishedAt":380,"order":281},{"title":553,"description":554,"path":555,"coverImage":556,"publishedAt":325,"order":281},"Butterflies of Krasnodar Krai","Butterflies of Krasnodar Krai and the Black Sea coast: more than 180 species, Caucasian and subtropical species, best observation sites.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkrasnodarskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkrasnodarskiy-kray.png",{"title":558,"description":559,"path":560,"coverImage":561,"publishedAt":325,"order":281},"Butterflies of Leningrad Oblast","Butterflies of Leningrad Oblast and Saint Petersburg: about 80 species in taiga forests, bogs, and meadows. Species, seasons, and observation sites.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fleningradskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fleningradskaya-oblast.png",{"title":382,"description":383,"path":384,"coverImage":385,"publishedAt":380,"order":281},{"title":564,"description":565,"path":566,"coverImage":567,"publishedAt":568,"order":281},"Butterflies of Malaysia","Malaysia harbours around 1,300 butterfly species across Peninsular Malaysia and Bornean Sabah and Sarawak. Rajah Brooke's Birdwing is the national butterfly.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmalajziya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmalajziya.png","13.07.2026",{"title":570,"description":571,"path":572,"coverImage":573,"publishedAt":380,"order":281},"Butterflies of Mexico","Mexico has one of the world's richest butterfly diversities: more than 2,000 species, monarch wintering grounds, and neotropical jungles of the Yucatán.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fmeksika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fmeksika.png",{"title":387,"description":388,"path":389,"coverImage":390,"publishedAt":380,"order":281},{"title":576,"description":577,"path":578,"coverImage":579,"publishedAt":325,"order":281},"Butterflies of Moscow Oblast","Butterfly species of Moscow Oblast: more than 120 day-flying species in forests, meadows, and river valleys. Best observation sites and flight seasons.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fmoskovskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fmoskovskaya-oblast.png",{"title":581,"description":582,"path":583,"coverImage":584,"publishedAt":585,"order":281},"Butterflies of Myanmar","Myanmar lies at the crossroads of the Indo-Malayan and Indo-Chinese faunal zones, with an estimated 900–1,000 butterfly species — one of Asia's richest.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmjanmar","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmjanmar.png","14.08.2026",{"title":587,"description":588,"path":589,"coverImage":590,"publishedAt":591,"order":281},"Butterflies of Nepal","Nepal compresses an 8,700-metre altitudinal range into a narrow strip — from Terai plains to the highest peaks — producing around 650 butterfly species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fnepalj","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fnepalj.png","25.07.2026",{"title":593,"description":594,"path":595,"coverImage":596,"publishedAt":597,"order":281},"Butterflies of New Zealand","New Zealand has only about 20 native butterfly species — one of the smallest faunas — but endemism is high, with several found nowhere else.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fnovaya-zelandiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fnovaya-zelandiya.png","11.07.2026",{"title":392,"description":393,"path":394,"coverImage":395,"publishedAt":396,"order":281},{"title":600,"description":601,"path":602,"coverImage":603,"publishedAt":604,"order":281},"Butterflies of Norway","Around 85 butterfly species are recorded in Norway, whose latitudinal range spans mild coasts and harsh Arctic fell, supporting boreal and Arctic specialists.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fnorvegiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fnorvegiya.png","29.07.2026",{"title":606,"description":607,"path":608,"coverImage":609,"publishedAt":325,"order":281},"Butterflies of Novosibirsk Oblast (Western Siberia)","Butterflies of Novosibirsk Oblast: West Siberian species, more than 80 day-flying butterflies in forest-steppe and birch groves.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fnovosibirskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fnovosibirskaya-oblast.png",{"title":611,"description":612,"path":613,"coverImage":614,"publishedAt":380,"order":281},"Butterflies of Panama","Panama is the isthmus between two Americas, a biological corridor for thousands of species, with more than 1,200 species on migration and speciation routes.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fpanama","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fpanama.png",{"title":616,"description":617,"path":618,"coverImage":619,"publishedAt":620,"order":281},"Butterflies of Papua New Guinea","Papua New Guinea is home to over 800 butterfly species, including the Queen Alexandra's Birdwing, the world's largest butterfly with a 280mm wingspan.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fpapua-novaya-gvineya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fpapua-novaya-gvineya.png","09.07.2026",{"title":622,"description":623,"path":624,"coverImage":625,"publishedAt":450,"order":281},"Butterflies of Peru","Peru ranks second in the world for butterfly diversity: more than 3,500 species, across the Amazon basin, the Andes, and the Pacific coast.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fperu","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fperu.jpg",{"title":627,"description":628,"path":629,"coverImage":630,"publishedAt":325,"order":281},"Butterflies of Poland","Poland lies at the junction of Western and Eastern European faunas, with about 160 species, including apollo, clouded apollo, and marsh fritillary.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fpolsha","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fpolsha.png",{"title":632,"description":633,"path":634,"coverImage":635,"publishedAt":325,"order":281},"Butterflies of Primorsky Krai","Butterflies of Primorye: unique Far Eastern fauna, Maack’s swallowtail, more than 200 day-flying species in cedar–broadleaf forests.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fprimorskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fprimorskiy-kray.png",{"title":637,"description":638,"path":639,"coverImage":640,"publishedAt":641,"order":281},"Butterflies of Romania","Romania is a great European butterfly country — Carpathian wilderness, Transylvanian meadows and Danube Delta support over 200 species, many rare elsewhere.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Frumyniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Frumyniya.png","05.10.2026",{"title":643,"description":644,"path":645,"coverImage":646,"publishedAt":325,"order":281},"Butterflies of Rostov Oblast","Butterflies of Rostov Oblast: steppe species of the Don steppes, more than 100 day-flying butterflies, unique steppe blues and ringlets.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frostovskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frostovskaya-oblast.png",{"title":648,"description":649,"path":650,"coverImage":651,"publishedAt":325,"order":281},"Butterflies of Samara Oblast (Volga region)","Butterflies of Samara Oblast: forest-steppe species of the Volga, Zhiguli Mountains, more than 100 day-flying butterflies on the banks of the Volga.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsamarskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsamarskaya-oblast.png",{"title":398,"description":399,"path":400,"coverImage":401,"publishedAt":380,"order":281},{"title":654,"description":655,"path":656,"coverImage":657,"publishedAt":325,"order":281},"Butterflies of Spain","Spain has the greatest day-flying butterfly diversity in Western Europe: more than 230 species, including Iberian endemics and high-mountain swallowtails.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fispaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fispaniya.png",{"title":659,"description":660,"path":661,"coverImage":662,"publishedAt":663,"order":281},"Butterflies of Sri Lanka","Sri Lanka's compact geography, split between wet southwest and dry northeast, supports around 245 butterfly species, including 25+ endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fshri-lanka","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fshri-lanka.png","23.07.2026",{"title":665,"description":666,"path":667,"coverImage":668,"publishedAt":325,"order":281},"Butterflies of Stavropol Krai","Butterflies of Stavropol Krai: steppe and mountain species of the Pre-Caucasus, more than 140 day-flying butterflies at the foot of the Caucasus.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fstavropolskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fstavropolskiy-kray.png",{"title":670,"description":671,"path":672,"coverImage":673,"publishedAt":325,"order":281},"Butterflies of Sverdlovsk Oblast (Urals)","Butterflies of Sverdlovsk Oblast and the Urals: mountain and taiga species, Apollo and other protected butterflies, observation sites in the Middle Urals.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsverdlovskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsverdlovskaya-oblast.png",{"title":675,"description":676,"path":677,"coverImage":678,"publishedAt":679,"order":281},"Butterflies of Sweden","Sweden records around 120 butterfly species. Its long north–south extent spans Central European fauna in the south to true Arctic specialists in Lapland.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fshveciya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fshveciya.png","08.08.2026",{"title":681,"description":682,"path":683,"coverImage":684,"publishedAt":685,"order":281},"Butterflies of Taiwan","Taiwan records around 400 butterfly species on an island barely 400 km long. Steep mountains compress East Asian habitats and support many endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Ftajvan","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Ftajvan.png","02.09.2026",{"title":403,"description":404,"path":300,"coverImage":318,"publishedAt":380,"order":281},{"title":688,"description":689,"path":690,"coverImage":691,"publishedAt":325,"order":281},"Butterflies of Thailand","Thailand is a tropical country with more than 1,200 butterfly species. Doi Inthanon and Khao Yai are among the best observation sites in Southeast Asia.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Ftailand","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Ftailand.png",{"title":693,"description":694,"path":695,"coverImage":696,"publishedAt":325,"order":281},"Butterflies of Turkey","Turkey lies at the junction of Europe and Asia with rich fauna: more than 450 butterfly species. The Taurus Mountains are a unique center of endemism.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fturtsiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fturtsiya.png",{"title":406,"description":407,"path":292,"coverImage":314,"publishedAt":408,"order":281},{"title":699,"description":700,"path":701,"coverImage":702,"publishedAt":703,"order":281},"Butterflies of Venezuela","Venezuela is home to about 1,500 butterfly species and world-famous for its tepuis — ancient sandstone table mountains with high levels of butterfly endemism.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fvenecuela","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fvenecuela.png","04.07.2026",{"title":705,"description":706,"path":707,"coverImage":708,"publishedAt":709,"order":281},"Butterflies of Vietnam","Vietnam is home to around 1,500 butterfly species. Its narrow S-shape spans subtropical north to equatorial south, producing exceptional habitat diversity.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fvetnam","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fvetnam.png","15.07.2026",{"title":410,"description":411,"path":412,"coverImage":413,"publishedAt":414,"order":281},{"title":5,"description":266,"path":283,"coverImage":265,"publishedAt":284,"order":281},{"title":713,"description":714,"path":715,"coverImage":716,"publishedAt":325,"order":281},"Butterflies of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Southern Urals)","Butterflies of Bashkortostan: mountain and steppe species of the Southern Urals, Apollo, more than 120 species in mountains and mixed-grass steppes.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-bashkortostan","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-bashkortostan.png",{"title":718,"description":719,"path":720,"coverImage":721,"publishedAt":325,"order":281},"Butterflies of the Republic of Karelia","Butterflies of Karelia: northern taiga species, bog butterflies, about 60 day-flying species on lake shores and in pine forests.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-kareliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-kareliya.png",{"title":723,"description":724,"path":725,"coverImage":726,"publishedAt":325,"order":281},"Butterflies of the United Kingdom","About 60 species of day-flying butterflies live in the United Kingdom — few in number, but several unique to island fauna, with a strong watching culture.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fvelikobritaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fvelikobritaniya.png",{"title":728,"description":729,"path":730,"coverImage":731,"publishedAt":380,"order":281},"Butterflies of the United States","The United States is one of the world's most studied regions for butterfly biodiversity, with more than 700 species from Alaska's tundra to Florida's swamps.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fssha","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fssha.png",{"title":733,"description":734,"path":735,"coverImage":281,"publishedAt":325,"order":281},"World Butterfly Atlas","Geographic butterfly atlas: species diversity by continent and region — from Arctic tundra to tropical forests, with ranges and flight seasons.","\u002Fatlas",{"title":321,"description":322,"path":323,"coverImage":324,"publishedAt":325,"order":326},{"title":328,"description":329,"path":330,"coverImage":331,"publishedAt":325,"order":248},{"title":333,"description":334,"path":335,"coverImage":336,"publishedAt":325,"order":255},{"title":287,"description":338,"path":288,"coverImage":312,"publishedAt":325,"order":339},{"title":341,"description":342,"path":343,"coverImage":344,"publishedAt":325,"order":345},{"title":347,"description":348,"path":349,"coverImage":350,"publishedAt":325,"order":351},{"title":353,"description":354,"path":355,"coverImage":356,"publishedAt":325,"order":357},{"title":359,"description":360,"path":361,"coverImage":362,"publishedAt":325,"order":363},1791911167794]