[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":742},["ShallowReactive",2],{"atlas_en:\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika":3,"alt-locale:atlas_en:\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika":336,"section-listing:atlas_en:\u002Fatlas":348,"related-covers:en:":387,"section-listing:atlas_en:\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika":388,"section-listing:disabled":439,"section-collection:atlas_en":440},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"coverImage":330,"description":331,"extension":332,"faq":333,"imagePrompt":334,"meta":335,"navigation":336,"order":337,"pageType":338,"path":339,"publishedAt":340,"readingMinutes":341,"region":333,"relatedLinks":333,"seo":342,"sitemap":345,"stem":346,"updatedAt":333,"__hash__":347},"atlas_en\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika.md","Africa",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":311},"minimark",[9,14,23,26,30,35,38,41,78,82,85,115,119,130,133,158,162,165,188,192,196,203,209,213,228,232,245,249,252,257,260,264,267,295,298],[10,11,13],"h2",{"id":12},"africa-the-second-richest-continent","Africa — the second richest continent",[15,16,17,18,22],"p",{},"In number of day-flying butterfly species, Africa ranks second only to South America: an estimated ",[19,20,21],"strong",{},"3,000–3,500 species"," of Papilionoidea, concentrated mainly in the humid tropical forests of the centre and west of the continent. For comparison: all of Europe has about 500 species.",[15,24,25],{},"The fauna of Africa is divided into several zoogeographic zones. Tropical Africa south of the Sahara — the Afrotropics — is an independent biome with a high level of endemism. The Sahara is a barrier separating Afrotropical fauna from the Palaearctic (Mediterranean, North Africa). Madagascar is distinguished as a separate zone due to centuries of isolation.",[10,27,29],{"id":28},"zones-of-species-richness","Zones of species richness",[31,32,34],"h3",{"id":33},"congo-basin-and-guinean-forests","Congo Basin and Guinean forests",[15,36,37],{},"The equatorial forests of Central Africa are the core of African biodiversity. More than half of all Afrotropical species are concentrated in the Congo Basin. Constant humidity, absence of a dry season, and a multi-layered forest canopy create conditions for specialisation: each species is tied to its own layer, plant, and microhabitat.",[15,39,40],{},"Characteristic species:",[42,43,44,60,66,72],"ul",{},[45,46,47,50,51,55,56,59],"li",{},[19,48,49],{},"Goliath Birdwing"," — in fact not an African but a Papuan species, but in the Congo several large ",[52,53,54],"em",{},"Papilio"," with wingspans up to 15 cm occur: ",[52,57,58],{},"Papilio antimachus"," — Africa's largest day-flying swallowtail (up to 25 cm wingspan), males with narrow elongated black-rufous wings, poisonous",[45,61,62,65],{},[19,63,64],{},"Charaxes"," — \"rajahs\" of Africa: large nymphalids with fast flight, often attracted to carrion and overripe fruit; more than 150 species of this genus in Africa",[45,67,68,71],{},[19,69,70],{},"Acraea"," — numerous Afrotropical genus with bright red-white or orange colouration; often poisonous or unpalatable to birds",[45,73,74,77],{},[19,75,76],{},"Belenois"," — African \"whites\", forming mass migrations in the dry season",[31,79,81],{"id":80},"east-african-rift-and-mountains","East African Rift and mountains",[15,83,84],{},"The mountain system from Ethiopia to Zimbabwe is a zone of high endemism. The uplifted massifs of Kilimanjaro, Kenya, and Rwenzori act as \"islands\" isolating populations. The following occur here:",[42,86,87,98,109],{},[45,88,89,90,93,94,97],{},"High-mountain nymphalids of the genera ",[52,91,92],{},"Ypthima"," and ",[52,95,96],{},"Bicyclus"," — steppe and montane species",[45,99,100,101,104,105,108],{},"Endemic swallowtails: ",[52,102,103],{},"Papilio desmondi",", ",[52,106,107],{},"Papilio jacksoni"," — only in the mountain forests of East Africa",[45,110,111,114],{},[52,112,113],{},"Papilio nireus"," — \"green swallowtail\": black with a broad green-blue band; one of Africa's most beautiful species",[31,116,118],{"id":117},"madagascar","Madagascar",[15,120,121,122,125,126,129],{},"Madagascar is one of the world's biodiversity hotspots. About ",[19,123,124],{},"300 species"," of day-flying butterflies occur on the island, more than half of which are ",[19,127,128],{},"endemics"," found nowhere else. Isolation of more than 88 million years led to independent evolution of the fauna.",[15,131,132],{},"Features of the Malagasy fauna:",[42,134,135,141,147],{},[45,136,137,140],{},[19,138,139],{},"Chrysiridia rhipheus"," (Madagascan sunset moth) — technically a nocturnal moth, but flies by day; iridescent in all colours of the rainbow; considered one of the world's most beautiful butterflies",[45,142,143,144,146],{},"Endemic ",[52,145,54],{}," — 8 species, 6 of which occur only on Madagascar",[45,148,149,150,153,154,157],{},"The danaine family (",[52,151,152],{},"Danaidae",") is represented by several local forms, including ",[52,155,156],{},"Amauris"," — unpalatable species serving as \"models\" for Batesian mimicry in other butterflies",[31,159,161],{"id":160},"cape-and-southern-africa","Cape and southern Africa",[15,163,164],{},"The Cape Floristic Region (Fynbos) in southern South Africa is a special biome with unique vegetation. About 650 species of day-flying butterflies are concentrated here — a high density for a temperate climate.",[42,166,167,176,182],{},[45,168,169,93,172,175],{},[52,170,171],{},"Aloeides",[52,173,174],{},"Erikssonia"," — small blues, many endemic to fynbos",[45,177,178,181],{},[52,179,180],{},"Colias electo"," — African sulphur; widespread across southern Africa",[45,183,184,187],{},[52,185,186],{},"Junonia octavia"," — seasonal polymorphism: dry form (orange) and wet form (blue) differ so much they were long treated as different species",[10,189,191],{"id":190},"features-of-african-fauna","Features of African fauna",[31,193,195],{"id":194},"mass-migrations","Mass migrations",[15,197,198,199,202],{},"Several African species form migrations comparable to the American monarch. ",[19,200,201],{},"Belenois aurota"," — \"African Caper White\" — each year in October–November migrates from north to south across eastern Africa in billion-strong streams. In Zimbabwe and Zambia on migration days butterflies form a solid white cloud on the horizon.",[15,204,205,208],{},[19,206,207],{},"Catopsilia florella"," — \"African Migrant\" — another mass migrant; crosses the Sahara in both directions.",[31,210,212],{"id":211},"danaine-type-mimicry","Danaine-type mimicry",[15,214,215,216,93,218,220,221,224,225,227],{},"Complex \"mimicry rings\" form in Africa: unpalatable ",[52,217,70],{},[52,219,156],{}," (danaines) serve as \"models\", and several species from different families — ",[52,222,223],{},"Papilio dardanus",", various nymphalids — evolved as similar \"mimics\". ",[52,226,223],{}," is a classic object of mimicry study: females have up to 14 different forms in different parts of the range, each mimicking a local unpalatable species.",[31,229,231],{"id":230},"resource-pulses","Resource pulses",[15,233,234,235,104,238,104,241,244],{},"In savanna and bushveld, the rainy season triggers an explosion of vegetation — and a wave of butterflies follows. Within weeks of the rains starting, thousands of ",[52,236,237],{},"Byblia",[52,239,240],{},"Junonia",[52,242,243],{},"Precis",", and whites appear on clearings. This is \"butterfly season\" for observers.",[10,246,248],{"id":247},"threats-and-conservation","Threats and conservation",[15,250,251],{},"Deforestation of the Congo rainforests is the main threat. Unlike the Amazon, destruction of Congo forests receives less media coverage, but deforestation rates are high. Species with narrow ranges — especially mountain endemics — are vulnerable to climate change: \"islands\" of upland forest are shrinking from below.",[15,253,254,256],{},[52,255,58],{}," is listed in CITES Appendix II due to collector demand: a trophy butterfly for European and Japanese collectors.",[15,258,259],{},"Madagascar has lost about 90% of its primary forest. This is catastrophic for endemic fauna — most Malagasy endemics depend exclusively on primary forest.",[10,261,263],{"id":262},"what-to-look-for-in-africa","What to look for in Africa",[15,265,266],{},"Best regions:",[42,268,269,278,284,289],{},[45,270,271,274,275,277],{},[19,272,273],{},"Uganda, Rwanda"," — highly diverse mountain and foothill forests; combination of forest ",[52,276,54],{}," and danaines",[45,279,280,283],{},[19,281,282],{},"South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal)"," — about 800 species in one province; best location south of the equator",[45,285,286,288],{},[19,287,118],{}," — for endemics; best practice — Ranomafana and Masoala national parks",[45,290,291,294],{},[19,292,293],{},"Ethiopian Highlands"," — mountain species unavailable in other regions",[15,296,297],{},"Best season: end of the rainy season (in the south — February–March, north of the equator — September–October), when plants are in flower and butterflies are most active.",[15,299,300,301,93,306,310],{},"For the fauna of adjacent regions — see ",[302,303,305],"a",{"href":304},"\u002Fen\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya","Asia",[302,307,309],{"href":308},"\u002Fen\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa","Europe",".",{"title":312,"searchDepth":313,"depth":313,"links":314},"",2,[315,316,323,328,329],{"id":12,"depth":313,"text":13},{"id":28,"depth":313,"text":29,"children":317},[318,320,321,322],{"id":33,"depth":319,"text":34},3,{"id":80,"depth":319,"text":81},{"id":117,"depth":319,"text":118},{"id":160,"depth":319,"text":161},{"id":190,"depth":313,"text":191,"children":324},[325,326,327],{"id":194,"depth":319,"text":195},{"id":211,"depth":319,"text":212},{"id":230,"depth":319,"text":231},{"id":247,"depth":313,"text":248},{"id":262,"depth":313,"text":263},"\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika.png","Butterflies of Africa: about 3,500 day-flying species, from the Sahara to the Congo rainforests. Madagascar, East African Rift, Cape — the richest regions.","md",null,"Photorealistic nature photo, African savanna butterflies — large Charaxes species on Acacia tree, Congo rainforest butterflies in background, warm golden African light, rich tropical colors, 16:9 landscape",{},true,4,"atlas","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika","01.05.2026",1,{"title":343,"description":344},"Butterflies of Africa — Species, Ranges, Madagascar and Congo Tropics","Butterflies of Africa: 3,500 day-flying species, Madagascar, Congo Basin, East African Rift. Most interesting species, danaines, nymphalids, birdwings.",{"loc":339},"atlas\u002Fafrika","UUVnbsMVcNVpVCOdPtIMcQHsEDGsiLqS1aTYt4XPCF0",[349,354,358,362,363,369,375,381],{"title":350,"description":351,"path":352,"coverImage":353,"publishedAt":340,"order":341},"Russia","Guide to butterflies of Russia: from tundra to Caucasus subtropics — more than 300 species of day-flying butterflies in the world's largest country.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya.png",{"title":309,"description":355,"path":356,"coverImage":357,"publishedAt":340,"order":313},"Butterflies of Europe: about 500 day-flying species, from the Mediterranean to the Arctic. Alps, Mediterranean, islands — the continent's richest regions.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa.png",{"title":305,"description":359,"path":360,"coverImage":361,"publishedAt":340,"order":319},"Butterflies of Asia: from the Arctic tundra of Siberia to the tropics of Southeast Asia. The largest continent with 5,000+ species of day-flying butterflies.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya.png",{"title":5,"description":331,"path":339,"coverImage":330,"publishedAt":340,"order":337},{"title":364,"description":365,"path":366,"coverImage":367,"publishedAt":340,"order":368},"North America","Butterflies of North America: about 800 day-flying species, monarch, swallowtails, blues. USA, Canada, Mexico — different climate zones with unique faunas.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika.png",5,{"title":370,"description":371,"path":372,"coverImage":373,"publishedAt":340,"order":374},"South America","Butterflies of South America: more than 3,500 day-flying species, Amazon, Andes. Morphos, heliconiids, ithomiids, birdwings — the richest region in the world.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika.png",6,{"title":376,"description":377,"path":378,"coverImage":379,"publishedAt":340,"order":380},"Australia and Oceania","Butterflies of Australia and Oceania: about 400 species in Australia, Papua birdwings, unique Pacific islands. Isolated fauna with high endemism.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya.png",7,{"title":382,"description":383,"path":384,"coverImage":385,"publishedAt":340,"order":386},"Distribution maps","How to read butterfly range maps: what they show, what shapes distribution boundaries, data sources, and how to use atlas maps.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fkarty-rasprostraneniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fkarty-rasprostraneniya.png",8,[],[389,395,401,407,412,417,423,428,433],{"title":390,"description":391,"path":392,"coverImage":393,"publishedAt":394,"order":333},"Butterflies of Cameroon","Cameroon — Africa in miniature: mangroves, Sahel scrub, Congo rainforest. Around 900-1,000 species at the junction of West and Central Africa.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkamerun","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkamerun.png","19.07.2026",{"title":396,"description":397,"path":398,"coverImage":399,"publishedAt":400,"order":333},"Butterflies of Ethiopia","Ethiopia's altitudinal range, from the Danakil Depression to the Simien Mountains, supports around 650–700 butterfly species, including Afromontane endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fetiopia","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fetiopia.png","21.07.2026",{"title":402,"description":403,"path":404,"coverImage":405,"publishedAt":406,"order":333},"Butterflies of Kenya","Kenya is an African leader in butterfly tourism. More than 800 day-flying species in savannas, mountain forests, and coastal mangroves.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkeniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fkeniya.png","28.05.2026",{"title":408,"description":409,"path":410,"coverImage":411,"publishedAt":406,"order":333},"Butterflies of Madagascar","Madagascar is an island of endemics with a unique butterfly fauna. About 300 day-flying species, most found nowhere else in the world.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmadagaskar","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmadagaskar.png",{"title":413,"description":414,"path":415,"coverImage":416,"publishedAt":406,"order":333},"Butterflies of Morocco","Morocco is the gateway to Africa for European entomologists, with about 200 species: Atlas mountain species, Mediterranean migrants, and Saharan specialists.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmarokko","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fmarokko.png",{"title":418,"description":419,"path":420,"coverImage":421,"publishedAt":422,"order":333},"Butterflies of Nigeria","Nigeria is home to about 1,000 butterfly species, including the African Giant Swallowtail — Africa's largest. Cross River rainforest is a key hotspot.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fnigeriya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fnigeriya.png","17.07.2026",{"title":424,"description":425,"path":426,"coverImage":427,"publishedAt":406,"order":333},"Butterflies of South Africa","South Africa is Africa's most studied country in entomology. More than 660 day-flying species and a unique fauna of the Cape Floristic Region.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fyuzhnaya-afrika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fyuzhnaya-afrika.png",{"title":429,"description":430,"path":431,"coverImage":432,"publishedAt":406,"order":333},"Butterflies of Tanzania","Tanzania — land of Kilimanjaro and tropical forests. More than 750 day-flying species in mountains, savannas, and coastal forests of Zanzibar.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Ftanzaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Ftanzaniya.png",{"title":434,"description":435,"path":436,"coverImage":437,"publishedAt":438,"order":333},"Butterflies of Uganda","Uganda records around 1,200 butterfly species — one of Africa's highest densities, home to species found nowhere else, including the world's largest.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fuganda","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fafrika\u002Fuganda.png","16.08.2026",[],[441,446,452,458,463,469,470,475,480,485,490,495,500,506,507,512,517,522,528,533,538,543,548,553,558,563,564,569,574,575,581,586,587,592,598,604,610,611,617,622,627,633,638,643,648,653,658,659,664,670,675,680,686,687,692,697,698,704,710,715,720,725,730,734,735,736,737,738,739,740,741],{"title":442,"description":443,"path":444,"coverImage":445,"publishedAt":340,"order":333},"Butterflies of Altai Krai and the Altai Republic","Butterflies of the Altai: mountain species, Apollo, mnemosyne, more than 150 species in steppes and alpine meadows. Best routes for observation.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Faltayskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Faltayskiy-kray.png",{"title":447,"description":448,"path":449,"coverImage":450,"publishedAt":451,"order":333},"Butterflies of Argentina","Argentina has about 1,400 butterfly species across varied landscapes: subtropical Misiones, Andean Yungas cloud forests, Gran Chaco, and cold Patagonia.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fargentina","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fargentina.png","30.06.2026",{"title":453,"description":454,"path":455,"coverImage":456,"publishedAt":457,"order":333},"Butterflies of Australia","Australia has about 420 butterfly species — modest globally but with high endemism. Queensland's tropical rainforests hold most of the diversity.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Favstraliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Favstraliya.png","07.07.2026",{"title":459,"description":460,"path":461,"coverImage":462,"publishedAt":340,"order":333},"Butterflies of Austria","Austria is an Alpine country with exceptionally rich mountain butterfly fauna: more than 200 species, including unique alpine species and endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Favstriya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Favstriya.png",{"title":464,"description":465,"path":466,"coverImage":467,"publishedAt":468,"order":333},"Butterflies of Brazil","Brazil is the world leader in butterfly diversity: more than 3,500 species across Amazonia, the Cerrado, and the Atlantic Forest, with thousands of endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fbraziliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fbraziliya.jpg","14.06.2026",{"title":390,"description":391,"path":392,"coverImage":393,"publishedAt":394,"order":333},{"title":471,"description":472,"path":473,"coverImage":474,"publishedAt":406,"order":333},"Butterflies of Canada","Canada is a country of boreal forests and arctic tundra. About 300 day-flying butterfly species, including unique arctic and subarctic species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkanada","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkanada.png",{"title":476,"description":477,"path":478,"coverImage":479,"publishedAt":340,"order":333},"Butterflies of China","China is the world leader in butterfly species: more than 2,000 species. Yunnan Province is one of the world's richest entomological regions.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkitay","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkitay.png",{"title":481,"description":482,"path":483,"coverImage":484,"publishedAt":468,"order":333},"Butterflies of Colombia","Colombia ranks third in the world for butterfly diversity: about 3,400 species, spanning Amazonia, the Andes, and a Caribbean coast on two oceans.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fkolombiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fkolombiya.jpg",{"title":486,"description":487,"path":488,"coverImage":489,"publishedAt":406,"order":333},"Butterflies of Costa Rica","Costa Rica is a world leader in butterfly species density. More than 1,500 species in a country smaller than Moscow Oblast.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkosta-rika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkosta-rika.png",{"title":491,"description":492,"path":493,"coverImage":494,"publishedAt":340,"order":333},"Butterflies of Crimea","Butterflies of the Crimean Peninsula: Mediterranean species, southern festoon, more than 130 day-flying butterflies on mountain yaylas and in steppes.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-krym","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-krym.png",{"title":496,"description":497,"path":498,"coverImage":499,"publishedAt":406,"order":333},"Butterflies of Cuba","Cuba is the largest Caribbean island with unique endemic butterfly fauna. About 200 day-flying species, many found nowhere else in the world.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkuba","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fkuba.png",{"title":501,"description":502,"path":503,"coverImage":504,"publishedAt":505,"order":333},"Butterflies of Ecuador","Ecuador has the highest butterfly species density in the world: about 4,500 species in a country smaller than Germany, spanning Amazon and Andean forests.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fekvador","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fekvador.png","02.07.2026",{"title":396,"description":397,"path":398,"coverImage":399,"publishedAt":400,"order":333},{"title":508,"description":509,"path":510,"coverImage":511,"publishedAt":340,"order":333},"Butterflies of Finland","About 120 species of day-flying butterflies live in Finland, rich in bog and forest species, with migrants from Central Europe on the southern coast.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffinlyandiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffinlyandiya.png",{"title":513,"description":514,"path":515,"coverImage":516,"publishedAt":340,"order":333},"Butterflies of France","France has the richest day-flying butterfly diversity in Western Europe — more than 250 species. From Pyrenean alpine meadows to Mediterranean maquis.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffranciya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Ffranciya.png",{"title":518,"description":519,"path":520,"coverImage":521,"publishedAt":340,"order":333},"Butterflies of Germany","Germany is one of Europe's most studied regions in entomology. About 3,700 Lepidoptera species, including more than 180 day-flying butterfly species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgermaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgermaniya.png",{"title":523,"description":524,"path":525,"coverImage":526,"publishedAt":527,"order":333},"Butterflies of Greece","Greece records around 230 species of day-flying butterflies — one of Europe's richest faunas, where warmth meets limestone mountains and eastern elements.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgreciya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fgreciya.png","02.08.2026",{"title":529,"description":530,"path":531,"coverImage":532,"publishedAt":340,"order":333},"Butterflies of India","India ranks second in the world for butterfly species: about 1,500 day-flying species. The Western Ghats and Himalayas are global biodiversity hotspots.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findiya.png",{"title":534,"description":535,"path":536,"coverImage":537,"publishedAt":340,"order":333},"Butterflies of Indonesia","Indonesia is a world leader in birdwing species and one of the richest regions for butterfly fauna, with Borneo, Sulawesi, and New Guinea endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findoneziya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Findoneziya.png",{"title":539,"description":540,"path":541,"coverImage":542,"publishedAt":340,"order":333},"Butterflies of Irkutsk Oblast (Lake Baikal)","Butterflies of Lake Baikal and Irkutsk Oblast: Siberian species and mountain butterflies of Khamar-Daban, more than 100 species on the sacred lake's shores.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Firkutskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Firkutskaya-oblast.png",{"title":544,"description":545,"path":546,"coverImage":547,"publishedAt":340,"order":333},"Butterflies of Italy","Italy has exceptionally rich butterfly fauna: more than 280 day-flying species. Alps, Apennines, Sicily, and Sardinia create enormous biotope diversity.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fitaliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fitaliya.png",{"title":549,"description":550,"path":551,"coverImage":552,"publishedAt":340,"order":333},"Butterflies of Japan","Japan has exceptionally rich butterfly fauna: more than 240 day-flying species, with island-arc endemics, seasonal migrants, and unique mountain species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fyaponiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fyaponiya.png",{"title":554,"description":555,"path":556,"coverImage":557,"publishedAt":340,"order":333},"Butterflies of Kaliningrad Oblast","Butterflies of Kaliningrad Oblast: West European species on the amber coast, about 90 day-flying species, wet meadows and dunes of the Curonian Spit.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkaliningradskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkaliningradskaya-oblast.png",{"title":559,"description":560,"path":561,"coverImage":562,"publishedAt":340,"order":333},"Butterflies of Kazakhstan","Kazakhstan is the largest country in Central Asia, with about 400 butterfly species across the Tian Shan and Altai mountains, steppes, and deserts.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkazakstan","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fkazakstan.png",{"title":402,"description":403,"path":404,"coverImage":405,"publishedAt":406,"order":333},{"title":565,"description":566,"path":567,"coverImage":568,"publishedAt":340,"order":333},"Butterflies of Krasnodar Krai","Butterflies of Krasnodar Krai and the Black Sea coast: more than 180 species, Caucasian and subtropical species, best observation sites.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkrasnodarskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fkrasnodarskiy-kray.png",{"title":570,"description":571,"path":572,"coverImage":573,"publishedAt":340,"order":333},"Butterflies of Leningrad Oblast","Butterflies of Leningrad Oblast and Saint Petersburg: about 80 species in taiga forests, bogs, and meadows. Species, seasons, and observation sites.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fleningradskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fleningradskaya-oblast.png",{"title":408,"description":409,"path":410,"coverImage":411,"publishedAt":406,"order":333},{"title":576,"description":577,"path":578,"coverImage":579,"publishedAt":580,"order":333},"Butterflies of Malaysia","Malaysia harbours around 1,300 butterfly species across Peninsular Malaysia and Bornean Sabah and Sarawak. Rajah Brooke's Birdwing is the national butterfly.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmalajziya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmalajziya.png","13.07.2026",{"title":582,"description":583,"path":584,"coverImage":585,"publishedAt":406,"order":333},"Butterflies of Mexico","Mexico has one of the world's richest butterfly diversities: more than 2,000 species, monarch wintering grounds, and neotropical jungles of the Yucatán.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fmeksika","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fmeksika.png",{"title":413,"description":414,"path":415,"coverImage":416,"publishedAt":406,"order":333},{"title":588,"description":589,"path":590,"coverImage":591,"publishedAt":340,"order":333},"Butterflies of Moscow Oblast","Butterfly species of Moscow Oblast: more than 120 day-flying species in forests, meadows, and river valleys. Best observation sites and flight seasons.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fmoskovskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fmoskovskaya-oblast.png",{"title":593,"description":594,"path":595,"coverImage":596,"publishedAt":597,"order":333},"Butterflies of Myanmar","Myanmar lies at the crossroads of the Indo-Malayan and Indo-Chinese faunal zones, with an estimated 900–1,000 butterfly species — one of Asia's richest.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmjanmar","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fmjanmar.png","14.08.2026",{"title":599,"description":600,"path":601,"coverImage":602,"publishedAt":603,"order":333},"Butterflies of Nepal","Nepal compresses an 8,700-metre altitudinal range into a narrow strip — from Terai plains to the highest peaks — producing around 650 butterfly species.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fnepalj","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fnepalj.png","25.07.2026",{"title":605,"description":606,"path":607,"coverImage":608,"publishedAt":609,"order":333},"Butterflies of New Zealand","New Zealand has only about 20 native butterfly species — one of the smallest faunas — but endemism is high, with several found nowhere else.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fnovaya-zelandiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fnovaya-zelandiya.png","11.07.2026",{"title":418,"description":419,"path":420,"coverImage":421,"publishedAt":422,"order":333},{"title":612,"description":613,"path":614,"coverImage":615,"publishedAt":616,"order":333},"Butterflies of Norway","Around 85 butterfly species are recorded in Norway, whose latitudinal range spans mild coasts and harsh Arctic fell, supporting boreal and Arctic specialists.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fnorvegiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fnorvegiya.png","29.07.2026",{"title":618,"description":619,"path":620,"coverImage":621,"publishedAt":340,"order":333},"Butterflies of Novosibirsk Oblast (Western Siberia)","Butterflies of Novosibirsk Oblast: West Siberian species, more than 80 day-flying butterflies in forest-steppe and birch groves.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fnovosibirskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fnovosibirskaya-oblast.png",{"title":623,"description":624,"path":625,"coverImage":626,"publishedAt":406,"order":333},"Butterflies of Panama","Panama is the isthmus between two Americas, a biological corridor for thousands of species, with more than 1,200 species on migration and speciation routes.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fpanama","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fpanama.png",{"title":628,"description":629,"path":630,"coverImage":631,"publishedAt":632,"order":333},"Butterflies of Papua New Guinea","Papua New Guinea is home to over 800 butterfly species, including the Queen Alexandra's Birdwing, the world's largest butterfly with a 280mm wingspan.","\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fpapua-novaya-gvineya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Favstraliya-i-okeaniya\u002Fpapua-novaya-gvineya.png","09.07.2026",{"title":634,"description":635,"path":636,"coverImage":637,"publishedAt":468,"order":333},"Butterflies of Peru","Peru ranks second in the world for butterfly diversity: more than 3,500 species, across the Amazon basin, the Andes, and the Pacific coast.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fperu","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fperu.jpg",{"title":639,"description":640,"path":641,"coverImage":642,"publishedAt":340,"order":333},"Butterflies of Poland","Poland lies at the junction of Western and Eastern European faunas, with about 160 species, including apollo, clouded apollo, and marsh fritillary.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fpolsha","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fpolsha.png",{"title":644,"description":645,"path":646,"coverImage":647,"publishedAt":340,"order":333},"Butterflies of Primorsky Krai","Butterflies of Primorye: unique Far Eastern fauna, Maack’s swallowtail, more than 200 day-flying species in cedar–broadleaf forests.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fprimorskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fprimorskiy-kray.png",{"title":649,"description":650,"path":651,"coverImage":652,"publishedAt":340,"order":333},"Butterflies of Rostov Oblast","Butterflies of Rostov Oblast: steppe species of the Don steppes, more than 100 day-flying butterflies, unique steppe blues and ringlets.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frostovskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frostovskaya-oblast.png",{"title":654,"description":655,"path":656,"coverImage":657,"publishedAt":340,"order":333},"Butterflies of Samara Oblast (Volga region)","Butterflies of Samara Oblast: forest-steppe species of the Volga, Zhiguli Mountains, more than 100 day-flying butterflies on the banks of the Volga.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsamarskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsamarskaya-oblast.png",{"title":424,"description":425,"path":426,"coverImage":427,"publishedAt":406,"order":333},{"title":660,"description":661,"path":662,"coverImage":663,"publishedAt":340,"order":333},"Butterflies of Spain","Spain has the greatest day-flying butterfly diversity in Western Europe: more than 230 species, including Iberian endemics and high-mountain swallowtails.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fispaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fispaniya.png",{"title":665,"description":666,"path":667,"coverImage":668,"publishedAt":669,"order":333},"Butterflies of Sri Lanka","Sri Lanka's compact geography, split between wet southwest and dry northeast, supports around 245 butterfly species, including 25+ endemics.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fshri-lanka","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fshri-lanka.png","23.07.2026",{"title":671,"description":672,"path":673,"coverImage":674,"publishedAt":340,"order":333},"Butterflies of Stavropol Krai","Butterflies of Stavropol Krai: steppe and mountain species of the Pre-Caucasus, more than 140 day-flying butterflies at the foot of the Caucasus.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fstavropolskiy-kray","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fstavropolskiy-kray.png",{"title":676,"description":677,"path":678,"coverImage":679,"publishedAt":340,"order":333},"Butterflies of Sverdlovsk Oblast (Urals)","Butterflies of Sverdlovsk Oblast and the Urals: mountain and taiga species, Apollo and other protected butterflies, observation sites in the Middle Urals.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsverdlovskaya-oblast","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Fsverdlovskaya-oblast.png",{"title":681,"description":682,"path":683,"coverImage":684,"publishedAt":685,"order":333},"Butterflies of Sweden","Sweden records around 120 butterfly species. Its long north–south extent spans Central European fauna in the south to true Arctic specialists in Lapland.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fshveciya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fshveciya.png","08.08.2026",{"title":429,"description":430,"path":431,"coverImage":432,"publishedAt":406,"order":333},{"title":688,"description":689,"path":690,"coverImage":691,"publishedAt":340,"order":333},"Butterflies of Thailand","Thailand is a tropical country with more than 1,200 butterfly species. Doi Inthanon and Khao Yai are among the best observation sites in Southeast Asia.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Ftailand","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Ftailand.png",{"title":693,"description":694,"path":695,"coverImage":696,"publishedAt":340,"order":333},"Butterflies of Turkey","Turkey lies at the junction of Europe and Asia with rich fauna: more than 450 butterfly species. The Taurus Mountains are a unique center of endemism.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fturtsiya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fturtsiya.png",{"title":434,"description":435,"path":436,"coverImage":437,"publishedAt":438,"order":333},{"title":699,"description":700,"path":701,"coverImage":702,"publishedAt":703,"order":333},"Butterflies of Venezuela","Venezuela is home to about 1,500 butterfly species and world-famous for its tepuis — ancient sandstone table mountains with high levels of butterfly endemism.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fvenecuela","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fyuzhnaya-amerika\u002Fvenecuela.png","04.07.2026",{"title":705,"description":706,"path":707,"coverImage":708,"publishedAt":709,"order":333},"Butterflies of Vietnam","Vietnam is home to around 1,500 butterfly species. Its narrow S-shape spans subtropical north to equatorial south, producing exceptional habitat diversity.","\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fvetnam","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Faziya\u002Fvetnam.png","15.07.2026",{"title":711,"description":712,"path":713,"coverImage":714,"publishedAt":340,"order":333},"Butterflies of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Southern Urals)","Butterflies of Bashkortostan: mountain and steppe species of the Southern Urals, Apollo, more than 120 species in mountains and mixed-grass steppes.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-bashkortostan","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-bashkortostan.png",{"title":716,"description":717,"path":718,"coverImage":719,"publishedAt":340,"order":333},"Butterflies of the Republic of Karelia","Butterflies of Karelia: northern taiga species, bog butterflies, about 60 day-flying species on lake shores and in pine forests.","\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-kareliya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Frossiya\u002Frespublika-kareliya.png",{"title":721,"description":722,"path":723,"coverImage":724,"publishedAt":340,"order":333},"Butterflies of the United Kingdom","About 60 species of day-flying butterflies live in the United Kingdom — few in number, but several unique to island fauna, with a strong watching culture.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fvelikobritaniya","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fevropa\u002Fvelikobritaniya.png",{"title":726,"description":727,"path":728,"coverImage":729,"publishedAt":406,"order":333},"Butterflies of the United States","The United States is one of the world's most studied regions for butterfly biodiversity, with more than 700 species from Alaska's tundra to Florida's swamps.","\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fssha","\u002Fimages\u002Fatlas\u002Fsevernaya-amerika\u002Fssha.png",{"title":731,"description":732,"path":733,"coverImage":333,"publishedAt":340,"order":333},"World Butterfly Atlas","Geographic butterfly atlas: species diversity by continent and region — from Arctic tundra to tropical forests, with ranges and flight seasons.","\u002Fatlas",{"title":350,"description":351,"path":352,"coverImage":353,"publishedAt":340,"order":341},{"title":309,"description":355,"path":356,"coverImage":357,"publishedAt":340,"order":313},{"title":305,"description":359,"path":360,"coverImage":361,"publishedAt":340,"order":319},{"title":5,"description":331,"path":339,"coverImage":330,"publishedAt":340,"order":337},{"title":364,"description":365,"path":366,"coverImage":367,"publishedAt":340,"order":368},{"title":370,"description":371,"path":372,"coverImage":373,"publishedAt":340,"order":374},{"title":376,"description":377,"path":378,"coverImage":379,"publishedAt":340,"order":380},{"title":382,"description":383,"path":384,"coverImage":385,"publishedAt":340,"order":386},1787125891344]